{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T03:35:50Z","timestamp":1773977750804,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012165","name":"Key Technologies Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFB3312201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFB3312201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012165","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72401024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72401024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012429","name":"Central Universities in China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012429","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013804","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022JBMC019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JBMC019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202407090006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202407090006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reliability Engineering &amp; System Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:12:31Z","timestamp":1768435951000},"page":"112227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A novel flexible interval maintenance strategy for multi-unit heterogeneous degrading systems under uncertainty"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"271","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2440-7940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anqi","family":"Shan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1526-6536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zengqiang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1406-9127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7452-8073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanxiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5626-3753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim","family":"Blesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109708","article-title":"Reliability modeling and opportunistic maintenance optimization for a multicomponent system with structural dependence","volume":"241","author":"Dinh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109587","article-title":"Optimal opportunity-based age replacement policies in discrete time","volume":"241","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2024.110022","article-title":"Modified age-based replacement","volume":"245","author":"Scarf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0004","series-title":"Mathematical theory of reliability","author":"Barlow","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1002\/nav.3800300412","article-title":"An optimum group replacement policy","volume":"30","author":"Okumoto","year":"1983","journal-title":"Naval Res Logistics Quart"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(96)00073-2","article-title":"A generalized group maintenance policy","volume":"96","author":"Sheu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2019.106704","article-title":"Predictive group maintenance for multi-system multi-component networks","volume":"195","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/05695557708975158","article-title":"Maintenance scheduling for multicomponent equipment","volume":"9","author":"Vergin","year":"1977","journal-title":"AIIE Trans"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.1986.4335443","article-title":"Evaluation of an opportunistic replacement policy for a 2-unit system","volume":"35","author":"Pullen","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Reliab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0010","series-title":"Optimal maintenance of multi-component systems: a review","author":"Kobbacy","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-014-1543-4","article-title":"Optimal maintenance scheduling for a complex manufacturing system subject to deterioration","volume":"217","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Oper Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2024.110711","article-title":"A predictive opportunistic maintenance policy for a serial\u2013parallel multi-station manufacturing system with heterogeneous components","volume":"256","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-015-1179-5","article-title":"Review, analysis and synthesis of prognostic-based decision support methods for condition based maintenance","volume":"29","author":"Bousdekis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Intell Manuf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2020.107042","article-title":"Condition-based maintenance optimization for multi-component systems subject to a system reliability requirement","volume":"202","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2024.110759","article-title":"A comparative study of time-based maintenance and condition-based maintenance for multi-component systems","volume":"256","author":"Andersen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2020.107200","article-title":"Towards an innovative lubricant condition monitoring strategy for maintenance of ageing multi-unit systems","volume":"204","author":"Wakiru","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2020.107251","article-title":"Joint optimization of condition-based and age-based replacement policy and inventory policy for a two-unit series system","volume":"205","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2022.109064","article-title":"An inspection-based replacement planning in consideration of state-driven imperfect inspections","volume":"232","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-014-1001-9","article-title":"Coordinative production and maintenance scheduling problem with flexible maintenance time intervals","volume":"28","author":"Khatami","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Intell Manuf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0020","series-title":"Safety in aviation and space technologies","first-page":"259","article-title":"Flexible maintenance systems to prevention road failures of vehicles","author":"Moroz","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111093","article-title":"Graph-based reliability evaluation of a reconfigurable multi-stage system using sequential unconnected path sets","volume":"261","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0022","article-title":"Gaussian process latent variable model and bayesian inference for non-parametric failure modeling applied to ship engine","author":"BahooToroody","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0023","article-title":"An optimal predictive inspection and maintenance policy for a multi-state system: a belief-based SMDP approach","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111266","article-title":"A bayesian piecewise fitting method for estimating probability distributions of performance functions","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2025.110893","article-title":"An evidence-based likelihood approach for the reliability of a complex system with overlapped failure data","volume":"201","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput Ind Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2018.09.014","article-title":"Condition based maintenance policy for series-parallel systems through proportional hazards model: a multi-stage stochastic programming approach","volume":"126","author":"Yahyatabar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput Ind Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2022.108480","article-title":"A two-stage stochastic programming model for selective maintenance optimization","volume":"223","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109624","article-title":"Stochastic programming for selective maintenance optimization with uncertainty in the next mission conditions","volume":"241","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2024.115275","article-title":"A degradation-based stochastic optimization framework for inspection and maintenance in marine energy systems","volume":"212","author":"Sahin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2021.107690","article-title":"Optimal preventive maintenance policy of the balanced system under the semi-markov model","volume":"213","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2022.05.006","article-title":"Hidden markov models in reliability and maintenance","volume":"304","author":"G\u00e1miz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10893","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2025.3530014","article-title":"Predictive inspection and maintenance optimization for partially observable semi-markov deteriorating systems","volume":"22","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Autom Sci Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10107-006-0090-4","article-title":"Stochastic programming approach to optimization under uncertainty","volume":"112","author":"Shapiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Math Program"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2019.01.038","article-title":"A risk-averse stochastic program for integrated system design and preventive maintenance planning","volume":"276","author":"Bei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111023","article-title":"Stochastic programming on joint optimization of redundancy design and condition-based maintenance for continuously degrading systems subject to uncertain usage stresses","volume":"260","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2024.110240","article-title":"Reliability evaluation of a multi-state system with dependent components and imprecise parameters: a structural reliability treatment","volume":"250","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0037","series-title":"Introduction to stochastic programming","author":"Birge","year":"1997"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2011.03.017","article-title":"Risk-averse two-stage stochastic programming with an application to disaster management","volume":"39","author":"Noyan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput Oper Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.134775","article-title":"Global sensitivity analysis for studying hot-mix asphalt dynamic modulus parameters","volume":"413","author":"Owais","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.134498","article-title":"Global sensitivity analysis for seismic performance of shear wall with high-strength steel bars and recycled aggregate concrete","volume":"411","author":"Idriss","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227_bib0041","series-title":"Economics: Principles in Action","author":"O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["Reliability Engineering &amp; System Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832026000438?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832026000438?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T02:42:59Z","timestamp":1773974579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0951832026000438"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S0951832026000438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-8320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-8320","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A novel flexible interval maintenance strategy for multi-unit heterogeneous degrading systems under uncertainty","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112227","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112227"}}