{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T18:08:42Z","timestamp":1778782122076,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"Horizon 2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101034337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101034337"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reliability Engineering & System Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T16:50:24Z","timestamp":1769705424000},"page":"112308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Beyond waterlogging: Evaluating the impact of extreme rainfall on the road network"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"273","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1920-1043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1808-1729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zizhen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0865-0967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5995-6777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen","family":"MacAskill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-024-01847-0","article-title":"How climate change intensified storm boris\u2019 extreme rainfall, revealed by near-real-time storylines","volume":"5","author":"Athanase","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun Earth Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2022.103401","article-title":"Generation and evolution mechanism of systemic risk (SR) induced by extreme precipitation in chinese urban system: a case study of Zhengzhou \u201c7 20\u201dincident","volume":"83","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2023.1064122","article-title":"Vulnerability analysis in complex networks under a flood risk reduction point of view","volume":"11","author":"Santos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2021.100974","article-title":"Weighted clustering-based risk assessment on urban rainstorm and flood disaster","volume":"39","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urban Clim"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2017.06.020","article-title":"The impact of flooding on road transport: a depth-disruption function","volume":"55","author":"Pregnolato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp Res part D: Transp Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.127105","article-title":"Assessment of the vulnerability of road networks to urban waterlogging based on a coupled hydrodynamic model","volume":"603","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2024.110368","article-title":"More eyes on the road: sensing flooded roads by fusing real-time observations from public data sources","volume":"251","author":"Panakkal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3141\/2551-12","article-title":"Modeling effects of precipitation on vehicle speed: floating car data approach","volume":"2551","author":"Stamos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp Res Rec"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1175\/WCAS-D-22-0024.1","article-title":"Sensitivity of traffic speed to rainfall","volume":"14","author":"Salvi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Weather Clim Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3390\/vehicles5010009","article-title":"Impact of rain intensity on interstate traffic speeds using connected vehicle data","volume":"5","author":"Sakhare","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vehicles"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12544-020-00440-8","article-title":"The traffic signal control problem for intersections: a review","volume":"12","author":"Eom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Transp Res Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8662","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3085021","article-title":"What is the root cause of congestion in urban traffic networks: road infrastructure or signal control?","volume":"23","author":"Yue","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1701079","article-title":"Resilience and efficiency in transportation networks","volume":"3","author":"Ganin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0014","article-title":"Novel two-layer cascading failure model for the vulnerability assessment of an interdependent traffic-power system","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Modern Phys C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981251345762","article-title":"Toward enhanced resilience of interdependent critical infrastructures: robustness analysis of a multi-modal public transport network subject to power grid failures with integrated travel demand data","author":"Da Silva Fradique","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transp Res Rec"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1080\/17524032.2023.2229044","article-title":"Unveiling high mountain communities\u2019 perception of climate change impact on lives and livelihoods in gilgit-baltistan: evidence from people-centric approach","volume":"17","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-024-01848-z","article-title":"Differential flood insurance participation and housing market trajectories under future coastal flooding in the united states","volume":"5","author":"Poudel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun Earth Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2022.108555","article-title":"Critical facility accessibility rapid failure early-warning detection and redundancy mapping in urban flooding","volume":"224","author":"Gangwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0870.2010.00466.x","article-title":"Evaluation and future projections of temperature, precipitation and wind extremes over europe in an ensemble of regional climate simulations","volume":"63","author":"Nikulin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tellus A: Dyn Meteorol Oceanogr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1002\/2014RG000464","article-title":"Future changes to the intensity and frequency of short-duration extreme rainfall","volume":"52","author":"Westra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Geophys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0021","series-title":"Contribution of working group I to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change","first-page":"2391","article-title":"Climate change 2021: the physical science basis","volume":"2","author":"Masson-Delmotte","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30725-6","article-title":"Global exposure to flood risk and poverty","volume":"13","author":"McDermott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-13-221-2013","article-title":"Analyzing resilience of urban networks: a preliminary step towards more flood resilient cities","volume":"13","author":"Lhomme","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10063-w","article-title":"Local floods induce large-scale abrupt failures of road networks","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3141\/2532-05","article-title":"Analysis of transportation network vulnerability under flooding disasters","volume":"2532","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp Res Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0026","article-title":"Dynamic flood risk modeling in urban metro systems considering station configuration","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0027","article-title":"Extreme rainfall induced risk mapping for metro transit systems: Shanghai metro network as a case","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2024.104263","article-title":"Assessing flood resilience of urban rail transit systems: complex network modelling and stress testing in a case study of london","volume":"134","author":"Bi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp Res Part D: Transp Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2022.103332","article-title":"Will river floods \u201ctip\u201d European road networks? A robustness assessment","volume":"108","author":"van Ginkel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp Res part D: Transp Environ"},{"issue":"32","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba2423","article-title":"When floods hit the road: resilience to flood-related traffic disruption in the san francisco bay area and beyond","volume":"6","author":"Kasmalkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0031","article-title":"Flood impacts on urban road connectivity in southern China","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0032","series-title":"Simulating urban traffic scenarios: 3rd SUMO conference 2015 Berlin, Germany","first-page":"115","article-title":"Flood impacts on road transportation using microscopic traffic modelling techniques","author":"Pyatkova","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39999-w","article-title":"Interconnectedness enhances network resilience of multimodal public transportation systems for safe-to-fail urban mobility","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0034","article-title":"Identifying critical areas in urban road networks: a grid-based approach considering route redundancy","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-04927-3","article-title":"Local impacts on road networks and access to critical locations during extreme floods","volume":"12","author":"Loreti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.102851","article-title":"Assessing road network resilience: an accessibility comparative analysis","volume":"95","author":"Mart\u00edn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp Res Part D: Transp Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0037","series-title":"Green transportation-the 11th national academic conference on urban transportation","article-title":"Study on traffic impact and loss caused by different road water accumulation","author":"Du","year":"2011"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-070X(02)00011-2","article-title":"An introduction to road vulnerability: what has been done, is done and should be done","volume":"9","author":"Berdica","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transp Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.118770","article-title":"A study on dynamic simulation and improvement strategies of flood resilience for urban road system","volume":"344","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.70140","article-title":"Human-centric disaster resilience: uncovering social inequity in climate change","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2016.03.037","article-title":"Evaluating the impact and risk of pluvial flash flood on intra-urban road network: a case study in the city center of shanghai, china","volume":"537","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2023.103841","article-title":"Resilience assessment of a highway\u2013railway complementary network under rainstorms","volume":"121","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp Res part D: Transp Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2021.126225","article-title":"Simulation of traffic light disruptions in street networks","volume":"582","author":"Perez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys A"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-21-1955-2021","article-title":"Indirect flood impacts and cascade risk across interdependent linear infrastructures","volume":"21","author":"Arrighi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2022.103963","article-title":"Infrarisk: an open-source simulation platform for resilience analysis in interconnected power\u2013water\u2013transport networks","volume":"83","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101886","article-title":"Physics-based resilience assessment of interdependent civil infrastructure systems with condition-varying components: a case with stormwater drainage system and road transport system","volume":"54","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2019.106557","article-title":"Enhancing resilience of interdependent traffic-electric power system","volume":"191","author":"Zou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0048","article-title":"Flood disaster chain deduction based on cascading failures in urban critical infrastructure","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/jfr3.12288","article-title":"Critical infrastructure impact assessment due to flood exposure","volume":"11","author":"Pant","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Flood Risk Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30848-w","article-title":"Resilience of urban public electric vehicle charging infrastructure to flooding","volume":"13","author":"Raman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0051","unstructured":"Environment Agency. Risk of flooding from surface water. published by the department for environment, food & rural affairs (defra) data services platform. 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0052","unstructured":"Environment Agency. What is the risk of flooding from surface water map?2019a."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0053","unstructured":"Met Office. Uk climate extremes. 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0054","series-title":"Tech. Rep.","article-title":"Reservoir safety: a new model to estimate long-term period rainfall tachnical report 1","author":"Stewart","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2016.11.121","article-title":"Free flow speed analysis of two lane inter urban highways","volume":"17","author":"Sekhar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp Res Procedia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0056","series-title":"Tech. Rep.","article-title":"Substation flood resilience policy","author":"Sutherland","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2014.2374167","article-title":"Microsimulation analysis of practical aspects of traffic control with variable speed limits","volume":"16","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-1647(76)90055-1","article-title":"Link capacity functions: a review","volume":"10","author":"Branston","year":"1976","journal-title":"Transp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0059","unstructured":"Tomlinson E., Kappel B., Hultstrand D., Muhlestein G., Lovisone S.. Probable maximum precipitation study for the state of Ohio. 2013."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308_bib0060","unstructured":"Environment Agency. Historic flood map. 2025b."}],"container-title":["Reliability Engineering & System Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832026001249?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832026001249?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T17:13:00Z","timestamp":1778778780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0951832026001249"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":60,"alternative-id":["S0951832026001249"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-8320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-8320","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Beyond waterlogging: Evaluating the impact of extreme rainfall on the road network","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112308","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112308"}}