{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T16:57:50Z","timestamp":1780937870830,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72571278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72571278"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reliability Engineering & System Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T16:39:11Z","timestamp":1775666351000},"page":"112707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"P1","title":["Robustness evaluation method for multi-state combat system-of-systems considering cascading failure"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"275","author":[{"given":"Luyao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7558-865X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Libin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kewei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111416","article-title":"On steady and time-dependent reliability measures of multi-state systems under maintenance by lz-transform","volume":"264","author":"Bisht","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2017.08.102","article-title":"Empirical research on complex networks modeling of combat SoS based on data from real war-game, Part I: Statistical characteristics","volume":"490","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3992","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13203992","article-title":"Research on the robustness of command and control networks under cascading failures","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111367","article-title":"Operational readiness-oriented condition-based maintenance and spare parts optimization for multi-state systems","volume":"264","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2025.116064","article-title":"Resilience of the interdependent network against cascade failure","volume":"192","author":"Lv","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chaos Solitons Fractals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2025.116023","article-title":"Cascading failures with group support in interdependent hypergraphs","volume":"192","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chaos Solitons Fractals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.23919\/JSEE.2023.000082","article-title":"Mission reliability modeling and evaluation for reconfigurable unmanned weapon system-of-systems based on effective operation loop","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Syst Eng Electron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b8","article-title":"A new spatiotemporal resilience optimization strategy for UAV swarm in data-physical-enabled IoT networks","volume":"266","author":"Dui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2942","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.2024.3438810","article-title":"Resilience metric and dynamic assessment of unmanned system-of-systems considering cooperative reconfiguration strategies","volume":"74","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Reliab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.128468","article-title":"Lightweight model for power grid cascading failures risk evaluation based on graph physics-informed attention network","volume":"291","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2024.110242","article-title":"Mitigating cascading failure in power grids with deep reinforcement learning-based remedial actions","volume":"250","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2024.110497","article-title":"Modeling and analysis of cascading failures in multilayer higher-order networks","volume":"253","author":"Qian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2022.11.009","article-title":"Retinal ischemic cascade: new insights into the pathophysiology and imaging findings","volume":"68","author":"Abtahi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2025.130394","article-title":"Traffic network: A cascade fault-oriented flow allocation method","volume":"661","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b15","article-title":"Reliability evaluation and multi-stage performance analysis of multi-state air-ground cooperative networks for city aviation and railway infrastructure","volume":"265","author":"Jing","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b16","article-title":"Urban traffic health assessment based on multi-state semi-Markov process","volume":"265","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1402-4896\/ad28e4","article-title":"Dynamics of cascading failure in cyber-physical power systems from cyber attack","volume":"99","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phys Scr"},{"issue":"50","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2102147118","article-title":"Polarized information ecosystems can reorganize social networks via information cascades","volume":"118","author":"Tokita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2737822","article-title":"Complex systems analysis of series of blackouts: Cascading failure, critical points, and self-organization","volume":"17","author":"Dobson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chaos: Interdiscip J Nonlinear Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2020.106887","article-title":"Cascading overload failure analysis in renewable integrated power grids","volume":"198","author":"Adnan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"6380","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9559","article-title":"The spread of true and false news online","volume":"359","author":"Vosoughi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32152","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3369175","article-title":"Application of K-shell algorithm in key point identification and cascading failure in urban public safety transportation network","volume":"12","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b23","article-title":"Cascading failure resilience of dual-layer supply chain networks under enterprise competition with incomplete information","volume":"266","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.2024.3440337","article-title":"Modeling and analysis of cascading failures in industrial internet of things considering sensing-control flow and service community","volume":"74","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Reliab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2025.111177","article-title":"Modeling and analysis of cascade failures in Industrial Internet of Things based on task decomposition and service communities","volume":"206","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput Ind Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b26","article-title":"Universal behaviour of the growth method and importance of local hubs in cascading failure","volume":"10","author":"Jeong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Complex Netw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2024.103857","article-title":"Data-driven resilience analysis of the global container shipping network against two cascading failures","volume":"193","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transp Res Part E: Logist Transp Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.66.065102","article-title":"Cascade-based attacks on complex networks","volume":"66","author":"Motter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.59.381","article-title":"Self-organized criticality: An explanation of the 1\/f noise","volume":"59","author":"Bak","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carreras Benjamin A, Reynolds-Barredo Jos\u00e9 M, Dobson Ian, Newman David E. Validating the OPA cascading blackout model on a 19402 bus transmission network with both mesh and tree structures. In: HICSS 2019: Hawaii international conference on system sciences. 2019.","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2019.423"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4962","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2022.3202706","article-title":"An enhanced OPA model: Incorporating dynamically induced cascading failures","volume":"37","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2022.109007","article-title":"Cascading failure analysis of multistate loading dependent systems with application in an overloading piping network","volume":"231","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu Gongyu, Li Zhaojun. A cascading failure model of power systems considering components\u2019 multi-state failures. In: 2019 prognostics and system health management conference. PHM-Qingdao, 2019, p. 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/PHM-Qingdao46334.2019.8942818"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b34","article-title":"Reliability assessment and cascading failures analysis of mine cyber-physical systems considering state transfer","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Saf Sci Resil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2020.106890","article-title":"Modeling ageing effects for multi-state systems with multiple components subject to competing and dependent failure processes","volume":"199","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2025.116876","article-title":"Robustness analysis of cyber\u2013physical supply chain systems under hybrid cascading failures","volume":"199","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chaos Solitons Fractals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2024.104602","article-title":"Improving robustness of large-scale bus transit networks against cascading failures: A preventive control or an emergency control?","volume":"162","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp Res Part C: Emerg Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b38","first-page":"781","article-title":"Research on networked description and modeling methods of armament system-of-systems","volume":"12","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Syst Manage"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2018.2828779","article-title":"Research on functional robustness of heterogeneous combat networks","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Syst J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2018.2882782","article-title":"Capability oriented equipment contribution analysis in temporal combat networks","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern: Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4497","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2022.3231346","article-title":"Shatter: searching heterogeneous combat network attack sequences through network embedding and reinforcement learning","volume":"17","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Syst J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","article-title":"A mathematical theory of communication","volume":"27","author":"Shannon","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bell Syst Tech J"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.3390\/e19110614","article-title":"How to identify the most powerful node in complex networks? A novel entropy centrality approach","volume":"19","author":"Qiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2025.130732","article-title":"Analysis of cascading failure in interdependent networks concerning failure probability and dependent relationship","volume":"674","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys A"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.77.026101","article-title":"Universal robustness characteristic of weighted networks against cascading failure","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys Rev E\u2013Stat Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2016.02.049","article-title":"Evaluating the importance of nodes in complex networks","volume":"452","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys A"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27736-0","article-title":"Percolation in networks with local homeostatic plasticity","volume":"13","author":"Rapisardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-020-0177-2","article-title":"Finding key players in complex networks through deep reinforcement learning","volume":"2","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intell"}],"container-title":["Reliability Engineering & System Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832026005181?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832026005181?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T15:58:52Z","timestamp":1780934332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0951832026005181"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0951832026005181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-8320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-8320","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Robustness evaluation method for multi-state combat system-of-systems considering cascading failure","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112707","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112707"}}