{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T21:59:13Z","timestamp":1780955953814,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reliability Engineering &amp; System Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T17:11:01Z","timestamp":1777569061000},"page":"112778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"P2","title":["A user-centered, earthquake risk-informed approach to valve placement optimization in urban natural gas distribution networks"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"275","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5795-9967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heran","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6699-7312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gemma","family":"Cremen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6456-1793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liyang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changhai","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2009.03.005","article-title":"The state of natural gas","volume":"1","author":"Economides","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nat Gas Sci Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109583","article-title":"Resilience assessment and enhancement methods of large-scale gas distribution networks against disruptions due to earthquakes","volume":"240","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2015.08.005","article-title":"Probabilistic modelling of security of supply in gas networks and evaluation of new infrastructure","volume":"144","author":"Praks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.10.108","article-title":"An integrated systemic method for supply reliability assessment of natural gas pipeline networks","volume":"209","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s11708-020-0672-5","article-title":"A novel methodology for forecasting gas supply reliability of natural gas pipeline systems","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2021.107651","article-title":"An integrated gas supply reliability evaluation method of the large-scale and complex natural gas pipeline network based on demand-side analysis","volume":"212","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2022.108961","article-title":"Supply reliability analysis of natural gas pipeline network based on demand-side economic loss risk","volume":"230","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109431","article-title":"A methodology to evaluate gas supply reliability of natural gas pipeline network considering the effects of natural gas resources","volume":"238","author":"Shan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.135654","article-title":"Supply resilience assessment of natural gas pipeline network systems","volume":"385","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petsci.2021.10.002","article-title":"Development of an integrated dynamic model for supply security and resilience analysis of natural gas pipeline network systems","volume":"19","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109134","article-title":"Resilience assessment methodology of natural gas network system under random leakage","volume":"234","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2020.103680","article-title":"A resilience assessment simulation tool for distribution gas networks","volume":"84","author":"Dell\u2019Isola","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nat Gas Sci Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2019.106617","article-title":"Review of studies on the resilience of urban critical infrastructure networks","volume":"193","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b14","first-page":"1938","article-title":"Analysis and countermeasures on seismic damages of gas pipeline network in Wenchuan earthquake","volume":"194","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv Mater Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-013-9478-8","article-title":"Performance of the L\u2019Aquila (central Italy) gas distribution network in the 2009 (mw 6.3) earthquake","volume":"11","author":"Esposito","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull Earthq Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0267-7261(02)00149-5","article-title":"Seismic response of natural gas and water pipelines in the Ji-Ji earthquake","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soil Dyn Earthq Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1193\/030413EQS062M","article-title":"Earthquake response of underground pipeline networks in Christchurch, NZ","volume":"30","author":"O\u2019Rourke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earthq Spectra"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2022.103282","article-title":"Probabilistic framework to quantify the seismic resilience of natural gas distribution networks","volume":"81","author":"Baratian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b19","first-page":"56","article-title":"Shut-off strategies for natural gas pipeline network failures (in chinese)","volume":"31","author":"Yue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Technol Superv Pet Ind"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1287\/ijoc.1090.0365","article-title":"The valve location problem in simple network topologies","volume":"22","author":"Bodlaender","year":"2010","journal-title":"INFORMS J Comput"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b21","series-title":"Graph-theoretic concepts in computer science: 34th international workshop, WG 2008, durham, UK, June 30\u2013July 2, 2008. revised papers 34","first-page":"55","article-title":"The valve location problem in simple network topologies","author":"Bodlaender","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soildyn.2021.107057","article-title":"Seismic resilient three-stage enhancement for gas distribution network using computational optimization algorithms","volume":"152","author":"Zong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soil Dyn Earthq Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000204","article-title":"Resilience-based design of natural gas distribution networks","volume":"21","author":"Cimellaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infrastruct Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2023.12.009","article-title":"A highly robust gas network simulation approach through an inherently solvable problem formulation for network states far from intended design points","volume":"127","author":"Ganter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Math Model"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2025.105606","article-title":"Seismic risk assessment of natural gas networks at the urban scale","author":"Cardoni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b26","article-title":"General guidelines for developing executive design of natural gas urban pipeline networks and using HDPE valve","volume":"9","author":"Almeida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz J Pet Gas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b27","series-title":"Code for design of city gas engineering (in Chinese)","author":"Standardization Administration of China","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001497","article-title":"A heuristic for strategic valve placement","volume":"148","author":"Hernandez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Water Resour Plan Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1093\/logcom\/ext065","article-title":"An ASP approach for the valves positioning optimization in a water distribution system","volume":"25","author":"Gavanelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Logic Comput"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b30","article-title":"Knowledge-based optimization model for control valve locations in water distribution networks","volume":"141","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Water Resour Plan Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b31","article-title":"Optimization of urban water distribution networks using deterministic and heuristic techniques: comprehensive review","volume":"12","author":"Sarbu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pipeline Syst Eng Pr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2024.105246","article-title":"Application of multiple pressure management strategies in urban water distribution networks using sequential optimization","volume":"102","author":"Marlim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s11081-018-9412-7","article-title":"Global optimality bounds for the placement of control valves in water supply networks","volume":"20","author":"Pecci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optim Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000760","article-title":"Location and setting of valves in water distribution networks using a harmony search approach","volume":"143","author":"Paola","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Water Resour Plan Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4949","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-023-03590-1","article-title":"Optimal placement and settings of valves for leakage reduction in real life water distribution networks","volume":"37","author":"Huzsv\u00e1r","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Resour Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s40899-020-00426-3","article-title":"Using particle swarm optimization algorithm to optimally locating and controlling of pressure reducing valves for leakage minimization in water distribution systems","volume":"6","author":"Jafari-Asl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain Water Resour Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.3390\/w10091223","article-title":"Improving water distribution systems robustness through optimal valve installation","volume":"10","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001568","article-title":"Optimal placement of new isolation valves in a water distribution network considering existing valves","volume":"148","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Water Resour Plan Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000327","article-title":"Optimal water distribution network design accounting for valve shutdowns","volume":"140","author":"Giustolisi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Water Resour Plan Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2024.110423","article-title":"Optimization of isolation valve placement to improve reliability and resilience of water distribution systems","volume":"252","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.17637","article-title":"A new end-user-oriented and dynamic approach to post-disaster resilience quantification for individual facilities","volume":"45","author":"Cremen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2015.12.010","article-title":"Hydraulic reliability analysis of an urban loop high-pressure gas network","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nat Gas Sci Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b43","article-title":"Functionality assessment of natural gas distribution networks in post-earthquake scenarios with widespread component failures","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b44","series-title":"Seismic hazard and risk analysis","author":"Baker","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-020-03874-4","article-title":"Earthquake and post-earthquake vulnerability assessment of urban gas pipelines network","volume":"101","author":"Farahani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Hazards"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0820010505","article-title":"A stable algorithm for regression analyses using the random effects model","volume":"82","author":"Abrahamson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bull Seismol Soc Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-015-9730-5","article-title":"Exploring the impact of spatial correlations and uncertainties for portfolio analysis in probabilistic seismic loss estimation","volume":"13","author":"Weatherill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull Earthq Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1193\/1.2857544","article-title":"Correlation of spectral acceleration values from NGA ground motion models","volume":"24","author":"Baker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Earthq Spectra"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2021.102267","article-title":"Innovations in earthquake risk reduction for resilience: Recent advances and challenges","volume":"60","author":"Freddi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b50","article-title":"Scenario-based seismic risk assessment for buried transmission gas pipelines at regional scale","volume":"9","author":"Risi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pipeline Syst Eng Pr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b51","series-title":"SYNER-g: typology definition and fragility functions for physical elements at seismic risk: buildings, lifelines, transportation networks and critical facilities","first-page":"187","article-title":"Fragility functions of gas and oil networks","author":"Gehl","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b52","series-title":"Hazus earthquake model technical manual (Hazus 5.1)","author":"Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2013.03.019","article-title":"Seismic vulnerability of natural gas pipelines","volume":"117","author":"Lanzano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b54","series-title":"Introduction to algorithms","author":"Cormen","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b55","first-page":"90","article-title":"The method for computing the accessibility matrix from the adjacency matrix","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Jilin Inst Chem Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b56","series-title":"2022 IEEE international conference on big data and smart computing","first-page":"157","article-title":"Sparsity-aware reachability computation for massive graphs","author":"Kim","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b57","first-page":"41","article-title":"Analysis of key issues on a seismic emergency handling system of gas network","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Earthq Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b58","first-page":"190","article-title":"Preliminary design studies on a seismic emergency handling system of tangshan gas network","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Earthq Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b59","series-title":"Different transient models-limitations, advantages and disadvantages","author":"Osiadacz","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2015.11.036","article-title":"An integrated transient model for simulating the operation of natural gas transport systems","volume":"28","author":"Pambour","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nat Gas Sci Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b61","series-title":"Yixing city earthquake emergency plan","author":"Yixing Municipal People\u2019s Government","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b62","series-title":"Oregon resilience plan","author":"Multnomah County Office of Emergency Management","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2004.04.028","article-title":"Analytic hierarchy process: An overview of applications","volume":"169","author":"Vaidya","year":"2006","journal-title":"European J Oper Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.996017","article-title":"A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II","volume":"6","author":"Deb","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Evol Comput"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b65","series-title":"The hypervolume indicator: Problems and algorithms","author":"Guerreiro","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auger A, Bader J, Brockhoff D, Zitzler E. Theory of the hypervolume indicator: optimal \u03bc-distributions and the choice of the reference point. In: Proceedings of the tenth ACM SIGEVO workshop on foundations of genetic algorithms. 2009, p. 87\u2013102.","DOI":"10.1145\/1527125.1527138"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.797969","article-title":"Multiobjective evolutionary algorithms: a comparative case study and the strength Pareto approach","volume":"3","author":"Zitzler","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Evol Comput"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1162\/EVCO_a_00009","article-title":"HypE: An algorithm for fast hypervolume-based many-objective optimization","volume":"19","author":"Bader","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evol Comput"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-16-3391-2024","article-title":"The China Active Faults Database (CAFD) and its web system","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Earth Syst Sci Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2022.103500","article-title":"Design and assessment of pro-poor financial soft policies for expanding cities","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0340040185","article-title":"Frequency of earthquakes in California","volume":"34","author":"Gutenberg","year":"1944","journal-title":"Bull Seismol Soc Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-1951(74)90030-4","article-title":"Probability of earthquake occurrence as obtained from a Weibull distribution analysis of crustal strain","volume":"23","author":"Hagiwara","year":"1974","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0840040974","article-title":"New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement","volume":"84","author":"Wells","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull Seismol Soc Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1785\/0120040111","article-title":"Hypocenter locations in finite-source rupture models","volume":"95","author":"Mai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull Seismol Soc Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b75","series-title":"Code for seismic design of buildings (in Chinese)","author":"Standardization Administration of China","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1193\/062913EQS175M","article-title":"NGA-West2 ground motion model for the average horizontal components of PGA, PGV, and 5% damped linear acceleration response spectra","volume":"30","author":"Campbell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earthq Spectra"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1177\/8755293020952442","article-title":"Modeling spatial cross-correlation of multiple ground motion intensity measures (SAs, PGA, PGV, Ia, CAV, and significant durations) based on principal component and geostatistical analyses","volume":"37","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earthq Spectra"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b78","first-page":"146","article-title":"Three-dimensional seismic resilience quantification framework for the urban gas network (in chinese)","volume":"38","author":"Zong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng Mech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b79","series-title":"Seismic fragility formulations for water systems, Part I: Guideline","author":"American Lifelines Alliance (ALA)","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s10518-014-9630-0","article-title":"Seismic risk assessment for mainland portugal","volume":"13","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull Earthq Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2016.07.025","article-title":"A stopping criterion for multi-objective optimization evolutionary algorithms","volume":"367","author":"Mart\u00ed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inform Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778_b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.2009.17.4.17403","article-title":"Statistical methods for convergence detection of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms","volume":"17","author":"Trautmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Evol Comput"}],"container-title":["Reliability Engineering &amp; System Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832026005892?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832026005892?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T21:18:27Z","timestamp":1780953507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0951832026005892"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["S0951832026005892"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-8320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-8320","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A user-centered, earthquake risk-informed approach to valve placement optimization in urban natural gas distribution networks","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112778","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112778"}}