{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T16:57:55Z","timestamp":1780937875156,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reliability Engineering & System Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T23:34:55Z","timestamp":1777073695000},"page":"112799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"P1","title":["Performance degradation analysis and reliability modeling of HEPA filters based on the flow rate-purification time decay mechanism"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"275","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5299-4129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenhao","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shangbin","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoting","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2927","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082927","article-title":"Indoor air pollution, related Human diseases, and recent trends in the control and improvement of Indoor air quality","volume":"17","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111882","article-title":"Enhancing urban system safety through urban resilience: a case study of Ningbo, China","volume":"267","author":"Tong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2023.107092","article-title":"The relationship between urbanization and air pollution affected by intercity factor mobility: a case of the Yangtze River Delta region","volume":"100","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Env. Impact Assess Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-022-01288-8","article-title":"Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from non-tobacco sources in homes within high-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1007\/s12273-024-1159-9","article-title":"Effectiveness of air cleaner on mitigating the transmission of respiratory disease in a dental clinic environment","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Build. Simul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1007\/s12273-025-1330-y","article-title":"Ultralow pressure drop and high efficiency filtration by electrostatically assisted filtration with micro-biochar@PU coarse fibers","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Build. Simul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2022.106078","article-title":"A comprehensive review of particle loading models of fibrous air filters","volume":"167","author":"Berry","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Aerosol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24838-7","article-title":"Influence of pleated geometry on the pressure drop of filters during dust loading process: experimental and modelling study","volume":"12","author":"Teng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2013.12.010","article-title":"The relationship between filter pressure drop, indoor air quality, and energy consumption in rooftop HVAC units","volume":"73","author":"Zaatari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Build Env."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6823","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62146-6","article-title":"Nanofibrillated collagen fiber networks for enhanced air purification","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0011","article-title":"Bioinspired Wet-Laid Electrospun short Fiber hybrid networks for Aerosol filtration","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.131004","article-title":"Nanoscale architecture: enhancing the performance of nanofiber air filters with bead-on-string structures","volume":"360","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0013","article-title":"Effect of active control of indoor gas flow field on the efficiency of air purifier","volume":"330","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Env. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0014","first-page":"1706","article-title":"Numerical evaluation of the efficiency of an indoor air cleaner under different heating conditions","volume":"14","author":"Sabanskis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.240087","article-title":"Changes in aerosol concentration in a meeting room with a portable air cleaner - mapping fine particle concentrations","volume":"24","author":"B\u00e9mer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.106669","article-title":"Effects of relative humidity and particle hygroscopicity on the initial efficiency and aging characteristics of electret HVAC filter media","volume":"171","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Build Env."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106001","article-title":"How efficiently can HEPA purifiers remove priority fine and ultrafine particles from indoor air?","volume":"144","author":"Lowther","year":"2020","journal-title":"Env. Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2019.106171","article-title":"Size-dependent efficiencies of ultrafine particle removal of various filter media","volume":"160","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Build Env."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120194","article-title":"Exploring the long-term performance of air purifiers in removing particulate matter and formaldehyde across different residential environments","volume":"263","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Env. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.107100","article-title":"Laboratory and field investigation of portable air cleaners\u2019 long-term performance for particle removal to be published in: building and environment","volume":"181","author":"Pei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Build Env."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/00295450.2019.1620057","article-title":"Rapid clogging of high-efficiency particulate air filters during In-cell solvent fires at reprocessing facilities","volume":"206","author":"Ohno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucl. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.partic.2024.06.007","article-title":"Experimental and theoretical analysis of loading characteristics of electret filter media for charged particles","volume":"93","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Particuology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.127046","article-title":"High-fidelity 3D simulation of dust-loading behavior and clogging process of coarse nonwoven filter media considering collision effect","volume":"344","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2025.113451","article-title":"Factors affecting the filtration performance of electret filter media: a review","volume":"284","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Build Env."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2024.104464","article-title":"Centrifugal force-based particle collection unit: a long-term solution for pre-filtering system","volume":"35","author":"Akasaka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2024.111441","article-title":"Evaluation and prediction of fibrous filters\u2019 operating performance in residential fresh air system","volume":"255","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Build Env."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2024.115147","article-title":"Impacts of HVAC cleaning on energy consumption and supply airflow: a multi-climate evaluation","volume":"328","author":"Ildiri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Build"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.127981","article-title":"The pressure drop of fibrous surface filters for gas filtration: modeling and experimental studies","volume":"350","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sep. Purif Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2025.110893","article-title":"An evidence-based likelihood approach for the reliability of a complex system with overlapped failure data","volume":"201","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111093","article-title":"Graph-based reliability evaluation of a reconfigurable multi-stage system using sequential unconnected path sets","volume":"261","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0031","article-title":"Semi-supervised cross-domain fault diagnosis via contrastive pre-training and annotation-efficient alignment strategy","volume":"50","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Ind. Inf. Integr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111290","article-title":"Two-stage remaining useful life prediction method across operating conditions based on small samples and novel health indicators","volume":"264","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2020.107341","article-title":"A bayesian inference for remaining useful life estimation by fusing accelerated degradation data and condition monitoring data","volume":"208","author":"Pang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2020.107361","article-title":"Remaining useful life prediction for multi-phase deteriorating process based on Wiener process","volume":"207","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2022.108651","article-title":"A long short-term memory neural network based Wiener process model for remaining useful life prediction","volume":"226","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/10775463261417790","article-title":"Load distribution of herringbone gears in high-speed EMUs under track irregularity","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Vib. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marstruc.2026.104042","article-title":"Structural health monitoring of offshore wind turbine towers under sparse sensor scenarios based on SEREP-iFEM","volume":"108","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mar. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2026.132726","article-title":"A lightweight framework for robust object detection in adverse weather based on dual-teacher feature alignment","volume":"671","author":"Hu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2021.120209","article-title":"Experimental study on the synthetic dust loading characteristics of air filters","volume":"284","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2023.01.008","article-title":"Estimation of ventilation rate in a piglet house considering ventilation system characteristics","volume":"227","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-19401-z","article-title":"An intelligent flow measurement system based on pressure drop in straight pipeline: a deep learning approach","volume":"15","author":"Shakarami","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103657","article-title":"Energy consumption performance optimization of PTFE HEPA filter media during dust loading through compositing them with the efficient filter medium","volume":"78","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111357","article-title":"Remaining useful life prediction for multi-component systems with stochastic correlation based on auxiliary particle filter","volume":"264","author":"Niu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2021.107631","article-title":"A nonlinear-drift-driven Wiener process model for remaining useful life estimation considering three sources of variability","volume":"212","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2021.107906","article-title":"Reliability analysis for a system experiencing dependent degradation processes and random shocks based on a nonlinear Wiener process model","volume":"215","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."}],"container-title":["Reliability Engineering & System Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832026006101?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832026006101?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T15:59:29Z","timestamp":1780934369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0951832026006101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0951832026006101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-8320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-8320","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Performance degradation analysis and reliability modeling of HEPA filters based on the flow rate-purification time decay mechanism","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112799","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112799"}}