{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T21:59:14Z","timestamp":1780955954937,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reliability Engineering &amp; System Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T22:19:00Z","timestamp":1778451540000},"page":"112863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"P2","title":["Pump fault diagnosis for vanadium redox flow batteries using an optimized smoothing-based graph convolutional network"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"275","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4868-1160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaojin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinrui","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4156-2187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Binyu","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qihong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aihong","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9497-3051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.128301","article-title":"Co-simulation-based conventional exergy evaluation of a hybrid energy generation-vanadium redox flow battery-air source heat pump system","volume":"281","author":"Yesilyurt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.3390\/en16042040","article-title":"An all-vanadium redox flow battery: a comprehensive equivalent circuit model","volume":"16","author":"Yesilyurt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0003","article-title":"A systematic study of pipe and electrical connections for multi-stack vanadium redox flow battery modules considering electrolyte transport delays","volume":"519","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2022.232081","article-title":"Membrane-free redox flow cell based on thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle for concurrent electricity storage, cooling and waste heat harnessing of perovskite solar cells","volume":"548","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Power Sources"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3028","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.9b01939","article-title":"Redox targeting-based vanadium Redox-flow battery","volume":"4","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000643","article-title":"Analysis and evaluation of a fault-tolerant strategy for module vanadium redox-flow batteries","volume":"146","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Energy Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2024.234181","article-title":"Online estimation of the state of charge and state of health of a vanadium redox flow battery","volume":"598","author":"Clemente","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Power Sources"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0008","article-title":"Energy density boosted vanadium colloid flow batteries realized by a reversible nanoparticle suspension-dissolution strategy","volume":"34","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Funct Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2024.113397","article-title":"Performance enhancement of vanadium redox flow battery with novel streamlined design: simulation and experimental validation","volume":"99","author":"Fetyan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Energy Storage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0010","article-title":"Modeling and simulation of flow batteries","volume":"10","author":"Esan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Energy Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2025.237721","article-title":"Non-isothermal modeling of vanadium redox flow battery for low-temperature conditions","volume":"653","author":"Bogdanov","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Power Sources"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.127920","article-title":"Voltage fault diagnosis of a power battery based on wavelet time-frequency diagram","volume":"278","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2022.3211568","article-title":"Lithium-ion battery cell open circuit fault diagnostics: methods, analysis, and comparison","volume":"38","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Electron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.05.042","article-title":"Propagation mechanisms and diagnosis of parameter inconsistency within Li-ion battery packs","volume":"112","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conengprac.2016.08.002","article-title":"Model-based real-time thermal fault diagnosis of lithium-ion batteries","volume":"56","author":"Dey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Control Eng Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2023.109230","article-title":"A review on models to prevent and control lithium-ion battery failures: from diagnostic and prognostic modeling to systematic risk analysis","volume":"74","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Energy Storage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.10.026","article-title":"Model-based fault diagnosis approach on external short circuit of lithium-ion battery used in electric vehicles","volume":"184","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5977","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2025.3556081","article-title":"Miniature real-time compact deep neural network with zero-shot neural architecture search for lithium-ion battery fault diagnosis","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2024.3402709","article-title":"Redundant thermal fault diagnosis and localization for lithium-ion battery strings","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Transp Electrification"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3108","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2021.3061493","article-title":"Convolutional neural network-based false battery data detection and classification for battery energy storage systems","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Energy Convers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2024.3408668","article-title":"ReDBN: an interpretable deep belief network for fan fault diagnosis in iron and steel production lines","volume":"30","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEEASME Trans Mechatron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0022","first-page":"1","article-title":"Regularized stable convolutional generative adversarial network for imbalanced fault diagnosis","volume":"74","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Instrum Meas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.110783","article-title":"Environment adaptive deep reinforcement learning for intelligent fault diagnosis","volume":"151","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eng Appl Artif Intell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2024.110592","article-title":"Sparse graph structure fusion convolutional network for machinery remaining useful life prediction","volume":"254","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2024.110363","article-title":"Semi-supervised meta-path space extended graph convolution network for intelligent fault diagnosis of rotating machinery under time-varying speeds","volume":"251","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3396","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2025.3526708","article-title":"Self-explanatory fault diagnosis framework for industrial processes using graph attention","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0027","series-title":"Conf. AI Cybersecurity ICAIC","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bearing fault diagnosis based on sparse wavelet decomposition and sparse graph connection using GraphSAGE. 2023 IEEE 2nd int","author":"Zhu","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2019.2951964","article-title":"Fault location in power distribution systems via deep graph convolutional networks","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Areas Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2024.128145","article-title":"A novel positive\u2013negative graph convolutional network-based fault diagnosis method with application to complex systems","volume":"600","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6923","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2021.3074057","article-title":"DeepGCNs: making GCNs go as deep as CNNs","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14040798","article-title":"DII-GCN: dropedge based deep graph convolutional networks","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0032","series-title":"2020 IEEE Int. Conf. Multimed. Expo ICME","first-page":"1","article-title":"Structure-aware graph construction for point cloud segmentation with graph convolutional networks","author":"Wang","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3167522","article-title":"Oversmoothing relief graph convolutional network-based fault diagnosis method with application to the rectifier of high-speed trains","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3167522","article-title":"Oversmoothing relief graph convolutional network-based fault diagnosis method with application to the rectifier of high-speed trains","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0035","first-page":"3438","article-title":"Measuring and relieving the over-smoothing problem for graph neural networks from the topological view","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc AAAI Conf Artif Intell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2020.2978386","article-title":"A comprehensive survey on graph neural networks","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2024.102708","article-title":"Multi-sensor temporal-spatial graph network fusion empirical mode decomposition convolution for machine fault diagnosis","volume":"114","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inf Fusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3031","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2023.3342224","article-title":"Binary graph convolutional network with capacity exploration","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong B., Tang J., Li Y., Xie C., Wang Z., Zhang X., et al. 39. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy 2022;13:2079\u201391.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2022.3181751"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries9070374","article-title":"Physics-based electrochemical model of vanadium redox flow battery for low-temperature applications","volume":"9","author":"Rao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Batter-BASEL"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3848","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2935152","article-title":"T-GCN: a temporal graph convolutional network for traffic prediction","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.117572","article-title":"Long time series of ocean wave prediction based on PatchTST model","volume":"301","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean Eng"}],"container-title":["Reliability Engineering &amp; System Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832026006745?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832026006745?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T21:18:59Z","timestamp":1780953539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0951832026006745"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S0951832026006745"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-8320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-8320","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pump fault diagnosis for vanadium redox flow batteries using an optimized smoothing-based graph convolutional network","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112863","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112863"}}