{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T13:10:18Z","timestamp":1779455418783,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reliability Engineering & System Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T00:26:41Z","timestamp":1778891201000},"page":"112887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Decision reliability analysis framework for intelligent unmanned system-of-systems using the cooperative multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"276","author":[{"given":"Yulu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0114-1895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luogeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengye","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dt.2023.01.005","article-title":"Evaluation method and optimization strategies of resilience for air & space defense system of systems based on kill network theory and improved self-information quantity","volume":"21","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Def Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109409","article-title":"Resilience evaluation and optimal design for weapon system of systems with dynamic reconfiguration","volume":"237","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2024.110186","article-title":"TSoSRA: A task-oriented resilience assessment framework for system-of-systems","volume":"248","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.23919\/JSEE.2023.000082","article-title":"Mission reliability modeling and evaluation for reconfigurable unmanned weapon system-of-systems based on effective operation loop","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Syst Eng Electron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0005","article-title":"A methodology for constructing the system-of-systems environment to evaluate UAV decision systems","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Def Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0006","first-page":"2388","article-title":"Swarm-based cooperative coverage strategy for amphibious unmanned systems in complex wetland environments","volume":"59","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"IFAC-Pap"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.118496","article-title":"Cooperative task allocation method for air-sea heterogeneous unmanned system with an application to ocean environment information monitoring","volume":"309","author":"Bi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfranklin.2023.12.046","article-title":"Event-driven intelligent cooperative control of unmanned autonomous systems in complex environment","volume":"361","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Frankl Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2025.122048","article-title":"Cooperative game method of heterogeneous unmanned surface vehicles based on distributed decision-making framework","volume":"338","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ocean Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2025.101858","article-title":"Multi-UAV reconnaissance mission planning via deep reinforcement learning with simulated annealing","volume":"93","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Swarm Evol Comput"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127075","article-title":"Modeling the resilience for high-dimensional interdependence systems under uncertain scenarios","volume":"275","author":"Yuxian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111453","article-title":"ADHGR: An optimized adaptive disintegration strategy targeting heterogeneous UAV swarms based on graph reinforcement learning","volume":"265","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cja.2025.103908","article-title":"A multi-agent-based short-cycle reliability evolution model for unmanned swarm systems","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin J Aeronaut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2025.114291","article-title":"A multi-typed multi-relational heterogeneous graph neural network model for complex networks","volume":"329","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Knowl-Based Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dt.2023.09.016","article-title":"Ultra reliability and massive connectivity provision in integrated internet of military things (IoMT) based on tactical datalink","volume":"33","author":"Bing","year":"2024","journal-title":"Def Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111628","article-title":"IoT-based reliability analysis and maintenance strategy of unmanned equipment communication systems","volume":"266","author":"Dui","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.110953","article-title":"A new multi-layer performance analysis of unmanned system-of-systems within IoT","volume":"259","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0018","article-title":"Cascading failure modeling and survivability analysis of weak-communication underwater unmanned swarm networks","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Def Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111612","article-title":"Spatial network disintegration with heterogeneous cost: Revealing the marginal yet critical regions through genetic algorithms","volume":"266","author":"Shen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2025.103572","article-title":"SMCCA: a sharded multi-task collaborative consensus algorithm for unmanned vehicle networks","volume":"168","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Syst Archit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112442","article-title":"A resilient task allocation method for unmanned aerial vehicle swarm considering local information","volume":"272","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao X., Zhao S., Yu H., et al. AgentCDM: enhancing multi-agent collaborative decision-making via ACH-inspired structured reasoning 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2508.11995.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v40i41.40803"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dt.2025.06.006","article-title":"Energy learning hyper-heuristic algorithm for cooperative task assignment of heterogeneous UAVs under complex constraints","volume":"54","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Def Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2024.109621","article-title":"Adaptive decision-making with deep Q-network for heterogeneous unmanned aerial vehicle swarms in dynamic environments","volume":"119","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput Electr Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfranklin.2025.108173","article-title":"Semi-centralized deep reinforcement learning for maneuver decision-making in multi-UAV collaborative confrontation","volume":"362","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Frankl Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2022.109075","article-title":"Multi-objective particle swarm optimization with multi-mode collaboration based on reinforcement learning for path planning of unmanned air vehicles","volume":"250","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Knowl-Based Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2025.121510","article-title":"Gated communication attention-based MADDPG algorithm for multiple USVs collaborative hunting decision-making strategy","volume":"334","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ocean Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2023.01.009","article-title":"Autonomous collaborative combat strategy of unmanned system group in continuous dynamic environment based on PD-MADDPG","volume":"200","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s42524-025-4244-6","article-title":"Reliability of system-of-systems: A new challenge of complex engineered systems","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Eng Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2019.105034","article-title":"Unmanned aerial vehicle swarm distributed cooperation method based on situation awareness consensus and its information processing mechanism","volume":"188","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Knowl-Based Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111526","article-title":"Research on network robustness analysis method of combat system-of-systems considering collaborative reconfiguration","volume":"265","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2942","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.2024.3438810","article-title":"Resilience metric and dynamic assessment of unmanned system-of-systems considering cooperative reconfiguration strategies","volume":"74","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Rel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112802","article-title":"Mission reliability assessment and maintenance scheduling optimization for unmanned system-of-systems considering spatiotemporal dynamics","volume":"275","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112541","article-title":"Resilience performance analysis of interdependent infrastructures using fault tree and dynamic bayesian network","volume":"272","author":"Tong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112804","article-title":"A machine learning-enhanced real-time reliability assessment framework for maritime autonomous surface ships propulsion systems","volume":"275","author":"Meng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.23919\/JSEE.2023.000081","article-title":"An evaluation method of contribution rate based on fuzzy Bayesian networks for equipment system-of-systems architecture","volume":"34","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Syst Eng Electron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111437","article-title":"Enhancing the resilience of combat system-of-systems through a two-phase recovery framework","volume":"265","author":"Xu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109749","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning-based resilience enhancement strategy of unmanned weapon system-of-systems under inevitable interferences","volume":"242","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111478","article-title":"Resilience-based post disaster recovery optimization for infrastructure system via deep reinforcement learning","volume":"265","author":"Liang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112249","article-title":"Distributed hierarchical reinforcement learning for dynamic maintenance scheduling of large-scale airline fleets","volume":"271","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112528","article-title":"Joint condition-based maintenance and production of manufacturing systems under flexible decision timing using deep reinforcement learning","volume":"272","author":"Kasuya","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dam.2025.11.018","article-title":"Graph lattices constructed by super total graceful-type labelings and colorings of topological coding","volume":"382","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Discrete Appl Math"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0043","unstructured":"Lowe R., Wu Y., Tamar A., et al. Multi-agent actor-critic for mixed cooperative-competitive environments 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1706.02275."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0044","series-title":"Point Processes for Reliability Analysis","author":"Cha","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0045","series-title":"Mathematical Models for Systems Reliability","author":"Epstein","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887_bib0046","series-title":"Probability Models in Reliability Analysis","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2025"}],"container-title":["Reliability Engineering & System Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832026006976?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832026006976?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T13:01:00Z","timestamp":1779454860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0951832026006976"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0951832026006976"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-8320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-8320","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Decision reliability analysis framework for intelligent unmanned system-of-systems using the cooperative multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112887","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112887"}}