{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T10:05:55Z","timestamp":1779703555427,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006579","name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006579","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reliability Engineering & System Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T06:44:33Z","timestamp":1779259473000},"page":"112903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["An improved GO-FLOW model for reliability analysis and prediction of cold-standby systems"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"276","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3699-1974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenyu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baimao","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4572-7243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Runchao","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5574-4506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhanyu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8499-9074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-2692(94)90117-1","article-title":"Reliability analysis and prediction (a methodology oriented treatment)","volume":"25","author":"Jevti\u0107","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microelectron J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucengdes.2018.11.030","article-title":"Reliability modeling by extended GO-FLOW methodology for automatic control component and system at NPP","volume":"342","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucl Eng Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucengdes.2014.07.035","article-title":"Development of a risk monitoring system for nuclear power plants based on GO-FLOW methodology","volume":"278","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucl Eng Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anucene.2020.107452","article-title":"Use of a success-oriented GO-FLOW method for system configuration risk management at NPPs","volume":"143","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Nucl Energy"},{"issue":"B","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0005","article-title":"Failure decomposition based on the general time sequences for cold standby systems","volume":"265","author":"Hu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0006","article-title":"Reliability model of the fly-by-wire system based on stochastic petri net","volume":"2019","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Aerosp Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2025.108209","article-title":"Multi-objective optimal scheduling for multi-microgrids via hierarchical timed colored Petri net: a model-data-driven approach","volume":"176","author":"Hu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Future Gener Comput Syst"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4514","DOI":"10.1080\/03610926.2021.1995433","article-title":"Reliability evaluation of a system with active redundancy strategy and load-sharing time-dependent failure rate components using Markov process","volume":"52","author":"Shariff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun Theory Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2022.108776","article-title":"Reliability analysis of consecutive-k-out-of-r-from-n subsystems: f balanced systems with load sharing","volume":"228","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"A","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0010","article-title":"Reliability sensitivity analysis with multiple failure domains based on an extended two-stage Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation","volume":"266","author":"Xiao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1007\/s13198-019-00835-4","article-title":"On Bayesian reliability estimation of a 1-out-of-k load sharing system model of modified Burr-III distribution","volume":"10","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Syst Assurance Eng Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2004.04.016","article-title":"A semi-analytical Monte Carlo simulation method for system\u2019s reliability with load sharing and damage accumulation","volume":"87","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109091","article-title":"The prediction of remaining useful lifetime for the Weibull k-out-of-n load-sharing system","volume":"233","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.13182\/NSE88-A23526","article-title":"GO-FLOW: a new reliability analysis methodology","volume":"98","author":"Matsuoka","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nucl Sci Eng"},{"issue":"A","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0015","article-title":"Reliability analysis of load-sharing system with the common-cause failure based on GO-FLOW method","volume":"254","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.net.2023.12.013","article-title":"A flow-directed minimal path sets method for success path planning and performance analysis","volume":"56","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucl Eng Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0017","series-title":"Proceedings of the international conference on industrial engineering and operations management rabat","article-title":"Repairable 3-out-of-4: cold-standby system availability","author":"Grida","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0018","first-page":"937","article-title":"Analyzing the impact of repairable 1-out-of-3 cold standby components on system availability: a capacity analysis","volume":"10","author":"Hindi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Math Model Eng Probl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0019","series-title":"Proceedings of the annual reliability and maintainability symposium","first-page":"450","article-title":"Reliability\/availability of K-out-of-N system with M Cold standby units","author":"Wang","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111221","article-title":"Dynamic reliability and sensitivity analysis of weighted (k,r)-out-of-n cold standby system with multi-performance multi-State components","volume":"262","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2016.04.017","article-title":"A study of interval analysis for cold-standby system reliability optimization under parameter uncertainty","volume":"97","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput Ind Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109548","article-title":"Efficient reliability approximation for large k-out-of-n cold standby systems with position-dependent component lifetime distributions","volume":"240","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2024.110017","article-title":"1-out-of-n standby systems with storages and activation moment-dependent component operation time limit","volume":"245","author":"Levitin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109706","article-title":"A subset simulation analysis framework for rapid reliability evaluation of series-parallel cold standby systems","volume":"241","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.110967","article-title":"Optimal operation and maintenance scheduling in generalized repairable m-out-of-n standby systems with common shocks","volume":"260","author":"Levitin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109125","article-title":"Reliability analysis of cold-standby phased-mission system based on GO-FLOW methodology and the universal generating function","volume":"233","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0027","first-page":"57","article-title":"Reliability analysis of nuclear power plant feedwater system based on GO-FLOW-Markov method","volume":"66","author":"Xu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Dalian Univ Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2021.107882","article-title":"New reliability indices for first- and second-order discrete-time aggregated semi-Markov systems with an application to TT&C system","volume":"215","author":"Yi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.07.156","article-title":"Optimizing the 15 puzzle with AI: comparative analysis of breadth-first and depth-first search algorithms","volume":"265","author":"Ivanochko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Procedia Comput Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111238","article-title":"Prediction for the structural response with multi-extreme points based on the third-order Taylor series expansion subinterval method","volume":"262","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0031","unstructured":"F. Wu, Z.Q. Sun, J.W. Li, et al. A variable frequency drive system with four operational units and one standby unit, along with its control method (Chinese Patent No. CN117275769A) [in Chinese]. 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0032","unstructured":"T.X. Yu, F. Yu The national power investment corporation made a breakthrough in the power supply reliability of the third-generation nuclear power main pump 2025 [in Chinese]. https:\/\/www.spic.com.cn\/spicm\/xwzx\/jcdt\/202310\/t20231012_322647.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2018.09.006","article-title":"Analysis and optimization of periodic inspection intervals in cold standby systems using Monte Carlo simulation","volume":"49","author":"Mendes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Manuf Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-43575-1_4","article-title":"Continuous-time Markov chains","author":"Clempner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stud Syst Decis Control"}],"container-title":["Reliability Engineering & System Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832026007131?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832026007131?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T09:42:50Z","timestamp":1779702170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0951832026007131"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["S0951832026007131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-8320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-8320","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"An improved GO-FLOW model for reliability analysis and prediction of cold-standby systems","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112903","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112903"}}