{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T20:09:38Z","timestamp":1780517378436,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reliability Engineering & System Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,24]],"date-time":"2026-05-24T05:45:03Z","timestamp":1779601503000},"page":"112923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Methodological issues and design of solutions for ensuring reliability of heating systems serving large industrial complexes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"276","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6583-1142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Postnikov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0001","unstructured":"State of the heating sector and district heating in the Russian Federation in 2022. Russian energy agency of the ministry of energy of Russia, 2023. URL (accessed 16.08.2025): https:\/\/minenergo.gov.ru\/press-center\/presentations\/doklad-o-sostoyanii-teploenergetiki-i-tsentralizovannogo-teplosnabzheniya-v-rf-2022-?docs-group=file-295051 (in Russian)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0002","unstructured":"Neftegaz.ru, 2025. URL (accessed 16.08.2025): https:\/\/neftegaz.ru (in Russian)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0003","series-title":"Mathematical modeling and optimization of expanding heating systems","author":"Sennova","year":"1987"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0004","article-title":"The application of symbolic load curves for electricity utilities","author":"Rossander","year":"1913","journal-title":"ETZ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2024.106052","article-title":"Data-driven reliability analysis of district heating systems for asset management applications: a review","volume":"118","author":"Rafati","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.06.081","article-title":"The reliability and availability evaluation of repairable district heating networks under changeable external conditions","volume":"203","author":"Shan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2014.09.022","article-title":"Integrated assessment of failure probability of the district heating network","volume":"133","author":"Valincius","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.01.015","article-title":"Development of approach for reliability assessment of pipeline network systems","volume":"94","author":"Rimkevicius","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2023.105068","article-title":"Understanding district heating networks vulnerability: a comprehensive analytical approach with controllability consideration","volume":"101","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102463","article-title":"Reliability segment design in single-source district heating networks based on valve network models","volume":"63","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103593","article-title":"Failure consequence evaluation of uncontrollable district heating network","volume":"78","author":"Mao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0012","first-page":"15","article-title":"District heating networks failure investigation and analysis in Heilongjiang Province","volume":"5","author":"Zou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dist Heat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0013","article-title":"Data-driven approach for the detection of faults in district heating networks","volume":"38","author":"Losi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain Energy Grids Netw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2024.03.101","article-title":"Multi-fault diagnosis of district heating system based on PCA BP neural network","volume":"186","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Process Saf Environ Prot"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0015","article-title":"Probabilistic state estimation in district heating grids using deep neural network. Sustainable Energy","volume":"38","author":"Yi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Grids Netw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0016","series-title":"The theory of stochastic processes","author":"Cox","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0017","series-title":"Chap. 3 in \u201cStudies in applied probability and management science\u201d","article-title":"Applications of semi-markov processes to counter problems","author":"Barlow","year":"1962"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0018","series-title":"Reliability of heating systems","author":"Sennova","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2011.10.008","article-title":"A multi-state Markov model for a short-term reliability analysis of a power generating unit","volume":"98","author":"Lisnianski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.11.073","article-title":"Methodology for optimization of component reliability of heat supply systems","volume":"227","author":"Postnikov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Energy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2019.11.065","article-title":"Methods for optimization of time redundancy of prosumer in district heating systems","volume":"6","author":"Postnikov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.11.085","article-title":"Methods for the reliability optimization of district-distributed heating systems with prosumers","volume":"9","author":"Postnikov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies14010056","article-title":"Enhancement of building heating systems connected to third-generation centralized heating systems","volume":"14","author":"Boyko","year":"2026","journal-title":"Technologies"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2019.11.077","article-title":"Modifications of probabilistic models of states evolu-tion for reliability analysis of district heating systems","volume":"6","author":"Postnikov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0025","first-page":"145","article-title":"Application of the methods for comprehensive reliability analysis of district heating systems","volume":"24","author":"Postnikov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Clim Technol"},{"issue":"part A","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003407072","article-title":"Urban traffic health assessment based on multi-state semi-markov process","volume":"265","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111159","article-title":"Resilience modeling of transportation infrastructure and network based on the semi-markov process considering resource dependency","volume":"261","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"part A","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0028","article-title":"Reliability sensitivity analysis with multiple failure domains based on an extended two-stage Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation","volume":"266","author":"Xiao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2018.12.018","article-title":"Theoretical derivation of wind plant power distribution with the consideration of wind turbine reliability","volume":"185","author":"Eryilmaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2020.107115","article-title":"On the theoretical distribution of the wind farm power when there is a correlation between wind speed and wind turbine availability","volume":"203","author":"Kan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2022.108372","article-title":"A reliability assessment of the heating from a hybrid energy source based on combined heat and power and wind power plants","volume":"221","author":"Postnikov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"Part B","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0032","article-title":"Continuous time-dependent system resilience evolution behaviors of hazardous energy systems subjected to cascading disaster chains","volume":"267","author":"Men","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0033","series-title":"Reliability, availability and resilience assessment of heating systems using sequential monte-carlo simulation and critical load analysis","author":"Rasoulian","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.segy.2023.100119","article-title":"Risk assessment in district heating: evaluating the economic risks of inter-regional heat transfer networks with regards to uncertainties of energy prices and waste heat availability using Monte Carlo simulations","volume":"12","author":"Marx","year":"2023","journal-title":"Smart Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2017.12.071","article-title":"Design of district heating networks through an integrated thermo-fluid dynamics and reliability modelling approach","volume":"144","author":"Badami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0036","unstructured":"RD34.39.503-89 \u201cStandard operating manual for thermal power plant pipeines\u201d, 2025. URL (accessed 16.08.2025): https:\/\/docs.cntd.ru\/document\/1200040230\/titles\/7DG0K7 (in Russian)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0037","series-title":"Reliability centered maintenance","author":"Moubray","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2019.03.051","article-title":"A novel method for risk-informed decision-making under non-ideal instrumentation and Control conditions through the application of Bayes\u2019 Theorem","volume":"188","author":"Tan Tu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1108\/K-11-2017-0457","article-title":"Transcomputability (Glanville\u2019s corollary of) Ashby\u2019s law of requisite variety and epistemic processes","volume":"48","author":"Fischer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kybernetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0040","series-title":"Theory of hydraulic circuits","author":"Merenkov","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0041","series-title":"Basic analysis of heat networks","author":"Shifrinson","year":"1940"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0042","unstructured":"Kritsky G.G., Nikitin G.L. Analysis of steam distribution systems aided by geographic information technology. Politerm Company, 2025. URL (accessed 16.08.2025): https:\/\/www.rosteplo.ru\/Tech_stat\/stat_shablon.php?id=551 (in Russian)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2024.123809","article-title":"CFD approach for determining the losses in two-phase flows through the last stage of condensing steam turbine","volume":"253","author":"Shabani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Therm Eng"},{"issue":"171","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0044","first-page":"20","article-title":"Technology for normalizing the operating conditions of long-range process steam pipelines and the quality of revenue metering of heat under intrinsically reduced consumer loads","volume":"11","author":"Galitsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nov Teplosnabz (Heat supply news)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnucene.2020.103601","article-title":"Experimental investigation on flow regimes and transitions of steam-water two-phase flow in narrow rectangular horizontal channels","volume":"131","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Nucl Energy"},{"issue":"119","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0046","first-page":"28","article-title":"On the reliability and safety of industrial steam pipelines designed for transporting superheated steam but used for wet steam transport","volume":"7","author":"Popov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nov Tepl (Heat supply news)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1108\/HFF-11-2018-0696","article-title":"Numerical model of the steam pipeline with thermal insulation","volume":"30","author":"Kaczmarski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Numer Methods Heat Fluid Flow"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0048","unstructured":"SNiP41-02-2003. Heat networks. Moscow: Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation, 2025. URL (accessed 16.08.2025): https:\/\/www.rosteplo.ru\/Npb_files\/npb_shablon.php?id=238 (in Russian)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923_bib0049","unstructured":"SP131.13330.2020. Building climatology, 2025. URL (accessed 16.08.2025): https:\/\/docs.cntd.ru\/document\/573659358 (in Russian)."}],"container-title":["Reliability Engineering & System Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832026007337?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832026007337?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T19:43:08Z","timestamp":1780515788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0951832026007337"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S0951832026007337"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-8320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-8320","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Methodological issues and design of solutions for ensuring reliability of heating systems serving large industrial complexes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112923","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112923"}}