{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T15:17:13Z","timestamp":1783178233484,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52575089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52575089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reliability Engineering & System Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T15:13:57Z","timestamp":1779549237000},"page":"112925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Multi-mode degradation assessment and vibro-acoustic monitoring of harmonic drive for aerospace applications"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"276","author":[{"given":"Zongyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5995-515X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3901-5993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinyang","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmachtheory.2025.105992","article-title":"A new computationally efficient model of the non-linear dynamics in harmonic drive reducers","volume":"209","author":"Guida","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mech. Mach. Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-025-15567-y","article-title":"Enhancement of gear meshing performance for harmonic drives with novel ETE-profile teeth modified by skiving process","volume":"138","author":"Tran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conengprac.2024.106008","article-title":"Using statistical linearization in experiment design for identification of robotic manipulators","volume":"150","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Control Eng. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2023.113544","article-title":"Detection and minimizing the error caused by hand tremors using a leap motion sensor in operating a surgeon robot","volume":"221","author":"Najafinejad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2025.104927","article-title":"Aerial-ground testbed for simulating compliant bimanual on-orbit operations: From aerial to space robotic manipulation","volume":"187","author":"Suarez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s11012-024-01931-x","article-title":"Reliability analysis of harmonic drive with multiple failure modes based on improved calculation model of flexspline stress","volume":"60","author":"Zuo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Meccanica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0007","article-title":"An efficient hybrid reliability analysis method with application to the harmonic drive","volume":"20","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2021.3052392","article-title":"Simplified Sensorless Torque Estimation Method for Harmonic Drive Based Electro-Mechanical Actuator","volume":"6","author":"Ismail","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/machines12110776","article-title":"Comprehensive Analysis of Major Fault-to-Failure Mechanisms in Harmonic Drives","volume":"12","author":"Guida","year":"2024","journal-title":"Machines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1051\/meca\/2019051","article-title":"Experimental study on transmission performance of harmonic drive under multifactor interaction","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech. Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1007\/s11668-022-01482-x","article-title":"Study on Modeling and Degradation Law of Transmission Efficiency for Harmonic Reducer","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Fail. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2022.106614","article-title":"Study on the degradation law of harmonic gear drive backlash with wear and assembly errors","volume":"140","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2024.115378","article-title":"Dynamics modeling and fault diagnosis of flexible thin-walled elliptical bearings in harmonic reducers","volume":"238","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0014","article-title":"Flexible thin-walled bearing life testing machine and data analysis","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Vib. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2025.112877","article-title":"Vibration signal analytical model and signature analysis for harmonic drive flexible bearing fault diagnosis","volume":"237","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0016","first-page":"425","article-title":"Wear rate\u2013state interactions within a multi-component system: a study of a gearbox-accelerated life testing platform","volume":"232","author":"Assaf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part O J. Risk Reliab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2025.111187","article-title":"A multi-technique approach to gear wear monitoring and fault diagnostics","volume":"214","author":"Daman","year":"2026","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.110930","article-title":"Reliability analysis for multi-component system considering failure propagation and dependent competing failure process","volume":"259","author":"Lyu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5212","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2022.2099319","article-title":"Condition-based maintenance for a degradation-shock dependence system under warranty","volume":"61","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2025.112591","article-title":"Dependent competing failure-based unsupervised health indicators for online condition monitoring","volume":"230","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2021.107638","article-title":"Degradation modeling and remaining useful life prediction for dependent competing failure processes","volume":"212","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3645","DOI":"10.1108\/EC-09-2020-0534","article-title":"Reliability analysis for dependent competing failure of harmonic drive with strength failure and stiffness degradation failure","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2025.113480","article-title":"Balance recovery and collaborative adaptation approach for federated fault diagnosis of inconsistent machine groups","volume":"317","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3366","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2024.3524785","article-title":"Source-free Black-box Adaptation for Machine Fault Diagnosis","volume":"21","author":"Jiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2024.102480","article-title":"An interpretable waveform segmentation model for bearing fault diagnosis","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2025.08.040","article-title":"Ridge-based general synchrosqueezing transform for flexible thin-wall bearing fault diagnosis","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"ISA Trans"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.110949","article-title":"Model-guided system operational reliability assessment based on gradient boosting decision trees and dynamic Bayesian networks","volume":"259","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2024.110704","article-title":"Reliability analysis and preventive maintenance of rehabilitation robots","volume":"256","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/s40684-025-00728-x","article-title":"Data-Driven Approach for Fault Diagnosis of Harmonic Drives Using Wireless Acceleration Sensors and Machine Learning","volume":"12","author":"Islam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf.-Green Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10354","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2024.3393002","article-title":"An Interpretable Latent Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model for Fault Diagnosis Under Limited Data","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2020.107222","article-title":"Kinematic characteristics and fault feature frequency of flexible thin-wall ellipse bearing","volume":"149","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2006.08.007","article-title":"Cyclic spectral analysis in practice","volume":"21","author":"Antoni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2017.01.011","article-title":"Fast computation of the spectral correlation","volume":"92","author":"Antoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2024.115733","article-title":"Emphasizing on the envelope spectra of hydraulic turbomachinery vibration response towards cavitation diagnosis","volume":"241","author":"Mousmoulis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s11465-013-0275-5","article-title":"An investigation into the vibration of harmonic drive systems","volume":"8","author":"Masoumi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109821","article-title":"A dual attention LSTM lightweight model based on exponential smoothing for remaining useful life prediction","volume":"243","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0037","series-title":"Merging Data Sources to Predict Remaining Useful Life \u2013 An Automated Method to Identify Prognostic Parameters","author":"Coble","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2024.109477","article-title":"A hybrid Convolutional Autoencoder training algorithm for unsupervised bearing health indicator construction","volume":"139","author":"Milani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0039","article-title":"Diff-CS-AE: A Dual Reassignment Differential Cyclostationary Analysis Scheme for Acoustic Emission-Based Machine Condition Monitoring","volume":"74","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2022.108496","article-title":"Health assessment of high-speed train wheels based on group-profile data","volume":"223","author":"Men","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2015.07.023","article-title":"Assessment of the commercial viability of selected options for on-orbit servicing (OOS)","volume":"117","author":"Graham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut"}],"container-title":["Reliability Engineering & System Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832026007350?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832026007350?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T14:39:46Z","timestamp":1783175986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0951832026007350"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S0951832026007350"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-8320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-8320","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Multi-mode degradation assessment and vibro-acoustic monitoring of harmonic drive for aerospace applications","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112925","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112925"}}