{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T20:15:15Z","timestamp":1783196115384,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reliability Engineering & System Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T16:28:30Z","timestamp":1781454510000},"page":"113033","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"P1","title":["A multi-fidelity reliability framework for driving safety risk assessment of wind-traffic-bridge systems"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"277","author":[{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3708-5875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suren","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7-8","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2004.03.007","article-title":"Framework of vehicle-bridge-wind dynamic analysis","volume":"92","author":"Cai","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2004.06.002","article-title":"Accident assessment of vehicles on longspan bridges in windy environments","volume":"92","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-0296(02)00188-8","article-title":"Dynamic analysis of coupled road vehicle and cable-stayed bridge systems under turbulent wind","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eng Struct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2022.105041","article-title":"Experiments of aerodynamic admittances for moving vehicles on bridges","volume":"226","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2020.104329","article-title":"How wind affects vehicles crossing a double-deck suspension bridge","volume":"206","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn"},{"issue":"Part A","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0006","article-title":"Vulnerability evaluation of high-speed railway network under wind disasters","volume":"264","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12018","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2024.3363677","article-title":"Developing risk-informed speed limits against single-vehicle crashes by exploiting an augmented reliability problem with multi-fidelity enhancement","volume":"25","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2025.108598","article-title":"Machine learning-empowered intelligent vehicle\u2013bridge systems: current status and future prospects","volume":"74","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6105(86)90012-7","article-title":"A simplified analysis of various types of wind-induced road vehicle accidents","volume":"22","author":"Baker","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6105(87)90013-4","article-title":"Measures to control vehicle movement at exposed sites during windy periods","volume":"25","author":"Baker","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6105(88)90188-2","article-title":"High sided articulated road vehicles in strong cross winds","volume":"31","author":"Baker","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6105(94)90041-8","article-title":"The quantification of accident risk for road vehicles in cross winds","volume":"52","author":"Baker","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000093","article-title":"Simulation-based assessment of vehicle safety behavior under hazardous driving conditions","volume":"136","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Transp Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0014","first-page":"438","article-title":"Safety analysis of moving road vehicles on a long bridge under crosswind","volume":"132","author":"Guo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Eng Mech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jweia.2015.04.015","article-title":"Fully coupled driving safety analysis of moving traffic on long-span bridges subjected to crosswind","volume":"143","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2023.105603","article-title":"Longitudinal vibration control strategy for long-span suspension bridges under operational and extreme excitations using eddy current dampers","volume":"58","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.istruc.2024.106324","article-title":"Modal expansion-based deep learning framework for metamodeling vehicle-induced vibrations of bridges under vehicle fleets","volume":"63","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Structures"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2025.108044","article-title":"A reliability analysis method based on cross-entropy importance sampling for lateral safety assessment of misaligned autonomous truck platoons under crosswinds","volume":"217","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/JBENF2.BEENG-7551","article-title":"Modularized physics-driven dynamic response prediction of long-span bridge and traffic system subjected to stochastic loads based on neural operators","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Bridge Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2026.119686","article-title":"Exploring physics-enhanced neural operators for predicting vehicle-bridge dynamics: from 1-DOF to 13-DOF vehicle models","volume":"629","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Sound Vib"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/JBENF2.BEENG-7490","article-title":"Reliability analysis of road vehicle and train-running safety when meeting on a single-level rail-cum-road bridge under crosswind conditions","volume":"30","author":"Lei","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Bridge Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-0296(94)90067-1","article-title":"Pseudo-excitation algorithm for nonstationary random seismic responses","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eng Struct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/23248378.2017.1338538","article-title":"Vehicle-induced random vibration of railway bridges: a spectral approach","volume":"5","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Rail Transp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2012.12.014","article-title":"First-order reliability analysis of slope considering multiple failure modes","volume":"154","author":"Cho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng Geol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.strusafe.2022.102216","article-title":"A review and assessment of importance sampling methods for reliability analysis","volume":"97","author":"Tabandeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Struct Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0026","series-title":"Stochastic Dynamics of Structures","author":"Li","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111962","article-title":"PEDRA-VTB: a precision-efficient framework for dynamic reliability assessment of vehicle-track-bridge system under extreme disasters","volume":"267","author":"Cai","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109732","article-title":"Risk analysis for hazardous chemical vehicle-bridge transportation system: A dynamic Bayesian network model incorporating vehicle dynamics","volume":"242","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.110827","article-title":"A novel hybrid approach combining PDEM and bayesian optimization deep learning for stochastic vibration analysis in train-track-bridge coupled system","volume":"257","author":"Mao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1080\/15732479.2021.2010104","article-title":"Probabilistic safety analysis of coupled train-bridge system using deep learning based surrogate model","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Struct Infrastruct Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111007","article-title":"Data-driven global sensitivity analysis for group of random variables through knowledge-enhanced machine learning with normalizing flows","volume":"260","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0032","article-title":"A reliability-based approach to evaluate the lateral safety of truck platoon under extreme weather conditions","volume":"174","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0033","article-title":"Multi-fidelity subset simulation for rare event simulation","volume":"253","author":"Naderi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2024.110020","article-title":"AMFGP: An active learning reliability analysis method based on multi-fidelity Gaussian process surrogate model","volume":"246","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107391","article-title":"A multi-fidelity approach for reliability-based risk assessment of single-vehicle crashes","volume":"195","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2025.106576","article-title":"Real-time surrogate model of vehicle-bridge interaction using a multiple-input neural operator","volume":"180","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Autom Constr"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001188","article-title":"Dynamic simulation of a long-span bridge-traffic system subjected to combined service and extreme loads","volume":"141","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Struct Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2018.09.029","article-title":"Using polynomial chaos expansion for uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of bridge structures","volume":"119","author":"Ni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech Syst Signal Process"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001440","article-title":"Framework of nonlinear dynamic simulation of long-span cable-stayed bridge and traffic system subjected to cable-loss incidents","volume":"142","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Struct Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0040","first-page":"1","article-title":"Simulation of stochastic wind velocity field on long-span bridges","volume":"126","author":"Cao","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Eng Mech"},{"issue":"9-10","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruc.2010.12.017","article-title":"Modeling stochastic live load for long-span bridge based on microscopic traffic flow simulation","volume":"89","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput Struct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103844","article-title":"Application of weigh-in-motion technologies for pavement and bridge response monitoring: state-of-the-art review","volume":"130","author":"Sujon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autom Constr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1991.10484804","article-title":"Factorial sampling plans for preliminary computational experiments","volume":"33","author":"Morris","year":"1991","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2006.10.004","article-title":"An effective screening design for sensitivity analysis of large models","volume":"22","author":"Campolongo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Modell Softw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0045","series-title":"Structural Reliability Analysis and Prediction","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.04.185","article-title":"An improved sequential importance sampling method for reliability assessment of renewable power systems with energy storage","volume":"9","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0047","first-page":"1227","article-title":"Non-normal dependent vectors in structural safety","volume":"107","author":"Hohenbichler","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Eng Mech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.strusafe.2018.07.001","article-title":"Cross entropy-based importance sampling using Gaussian densities revisited","volume":"76","author":"Geyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Struct Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2019.106564","article-title":"Improved cross entropy-based importance sampling with a flexible mixture model","volume":"191","author":"Papaioannou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112192","article-title":"An active learning multi-fidelity Kriging model for predicting the expected lifetime of time- and space-dependent structural systems with multi-fidelity data","volume":"270","author":"Zhan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2020.109257","article-title":"A generalized approximate control variate framework for multifidelity uncertainty quantification","volume":"408","author":"Gorodetsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Comput Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/JBENF2.BEENG-7818","article-title":"Deep-learning framework for dynamic deflection prediction of suspension bridges under temperature, traffic, and wind loads","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Bridge Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000078","article-title":"Dynamic performance simulation of long-span bridge under combined loads of stochastic traffic and wind","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bridge Eng"}],"container-title":["Reliability Engineering & System Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832026008422?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832026008422?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T19:16:42Z","timestamp":1783192602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0951832026008422"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0951832026008422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-8320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-8320","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A multi-fidelity reliability framework for driving safety risk assessment of wind-traffic-bridge systems","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113033","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113033"}}