{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T15:21:16Z","timestamp":1788967276567,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reliability Engineering &amp; System Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T23:27:35Z","timestamp":1784071655000},"page":"113173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"P4","title":["Fire evacuation design optimization of public buildings based on building information modeling semantic enrichment for fire simulation requirements"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"277","author":[{"given":"Shaohua","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxi","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.110321","article-title":"Optimization of emergency evacuation in complex rail transit station","volume":"95","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Building Engineering"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings14020429","article-title":"A BIM-FDS based evacuation assessment of complex rail transit stations under post-earthquake fires for sustainable buildings","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0003","series-title":"World population prospects 2024: Summary of results","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2023.104353","article-title":"Evolutionary trends of urban expansion and its sustainable development: Evidence from 80 representative cities in the belt and road initiative region","volume":"138","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2025.107303","article-title":"Study on BIM-based simulation of fire emergency evacuation in college library","volume":"75","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.3390\/fire7030072","article-title":"Fire-spread characteristics and evacuation plan optimization of old style multi-story student apartments","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fire"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112838","article-title":"Dynamic risk-informed path planning for fire evacuation: An incremental reliability assessment approach","volume":"275","author":"He","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.110970","article-title":"Integrated multi-agent-based outpatient building fire response modeling for risk-driven resource use and retrofitting strategies: A case study","volume":"260","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0009","article-title":"Video see-through augmented reality fire safety training: A comparison with virtual reality and video training","volume":"184","author":"Paes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2023.106373","article-title":"The study of self-organised behaviours and movement pattern of pedestrians during fire evacuations: virtual experiments and survey","volume":"170","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Safety science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2025.106935","article-title":"Large-language-model-driven agents for fire evacuation simulation in a cellular automata environment","volume":"191","author":"Dang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3390\/fire6120448","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis of influencing factors of fire smoke transport on subway station platforms","volume":"6","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fire"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/JCCEE5.CPENG-6492","article-title":"Visual fire safety inspection framework using computer vision algorithms","volume":"39","author":"Aziz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2025.106431","article-title":"Smart IoT-BIM framework with modified zonal safety analysis (ZSA) for real-time safety monitoring in construction","volume":"178","author":"Elrifaee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/10286608.2025.2524412","article-title":"Automated fall hazard analysis in the design stage using Building Information Modeling (BIM)","volume":"42","author":"Tamanaeifar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.36680\/j.itcon.2022.020","article-title":"Connecting research on semantic enrichment of BIM-review of approaches, methods and possible applications","volume":"27","author":"Bloch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Information Technology in Construction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0017","first-page":"543","article-title":"Digital twinning of bridges from point cloud data by deep learning and parametric models","volume":"2022","author":"Mafipour","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/JCCEE5.CPENG-5487","article-title":"A framework for generic semantic enrichment of BIM models","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12128","article-title":"Semantic enrichment for building information modeling","volume":"31","author":"Belsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0020","first-page":"458","article-title":"Restructuring elements in IFC topology through semantic enrichment: a case of automated compliance checking","volume":"40","author":"Karmakar","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2023.105002","article-title":"Modeling of 3D geometry uncertainty in Scan-to-BIM automatic indoor reconstruction","volume":"154","author":"Jarz\u0105bek-Rychard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2025.106369","article-title":"Semantic BIM enrichment using a hybrid ML and rule-based framework for automated tenement compliance checking","volume":"177","author":"Karmakar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0023","first-page":"6","article-title":"A Decade of Semantic Enrichment: Methods, Calibration, and Human-in-the-Loop Workflows (A Systematic Survey and Taxonomy)","volume":"1","author":"Bazmandari","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Construction Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2023.101961","article-title":"Semantic enrichment for BIM: Enabling technologies and applications","volume":"56","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Advanced Engineering Informatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0025","article-title":"Control strategies for order-disorder phase transition in crowd evacuation","author":"Yi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0026","article-title":"An empirical investigation on the impact of evacuation signages on individual behaviour in building evacuations","volume":"113519","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Building Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0027","article-title":"Human-AI interactive framework for smart evacuation safety analysis in large infrastructures","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2022.108515","article-title":"A multi-modal evacuation-based response strategy for mitigating disruption in an intercity railway system","volume":"223","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0029","article-title":"Reconstruction of existing buildings for evacuation assessment under emergency situations using 3D Gaussian splatting and machine learning","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109917","article-title":"A building information modeling-based fire emergency evacuation simulation system for large infrastructures","volume":"244","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111906","article-title":"BIM-GIS integrated hydrodynamic modeling for road flood risk assessment: a case study in Algeria\u2019s Chiffa Wadi","volume":"267","author":"Allalou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2025.112562","article-title":"An ontology-based approach to dynamic indoor fire emergency evacuation path planning with BIM integration","volume":"106","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Building Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2025.11.015","article-title":"Semantic BIM enrichment for firefighting assets: Fire-ART dataset and panoramic image-based 3D reconstruction","volume":"231","author":"Wen","year":"2026","journal-title":"ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1007\/s10694-024-01655-0","article-title":"Semantic Enrichment of a BIM Model Using Revit: Automatic Annotation of Doors in High-Rise Residential Building Models Using Machine Learning","volume":"61","author":"Bigdeli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fire Technology,"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dibe.2026.100869","article-title":"From image to fire safety: An image-driven framework for as-is BIM reconstruction and fire risk assessment of existing buildings via semantic guidance","author":"Liang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Developments in the Built Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111000","article-title":"Agent-based fire evacuation model using social learning theory and intelligent optimization algorithms","volume":"260","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.110914","article-title":"A fire navigation model: Considering travel time, impact of fire, and congestion severity","volume":"259","author":"Golshani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109571","article-title":"Mapping the fire risk in buildings: A hybrid method of ASET-RSET concept and FED concept","volume":"240","author":"Junfeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2016.04.001","article-title":"Risk-based optimisation of fire safety egress provisions based on the LQI acceptance criterion","volume":"152","author":"De Sanctis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0040","article-title":"Integrated simulation and network analysis of battery fire risk in underground mining systems","author":"Eroglu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2024.110797","article-title":"An inherent safety assessment tool for storage tank farm layout planning based on dynamic propagation modeling simulation of fire domino effects","volume":"256","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2022.108820","article-title":"Simulation-based multi-objective optimization for enhanced safety of fire emergency response in metro stations","volume":"228","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112687","article-title":"Quantification of influencing factors in the pedestrian evacuation process under ship motion conditions based on evacuation efficiency analysis","author":"Guo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0044","article-title":"Human-vehicle collaborative evacuation strategies in coal mine fire emergencies: A social force model approach","volume":"112546","author":"Lu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0045","article-title":"Modelling evacuation dynamics in multi-storey school dormitories under fire conditions","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112457","article-title":"A methodological comparison of interaction neighborhoods in the social force model of panic evacuation","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2020.103154","article-title":"A map representation of the ASET-RSET concept","volume":"115","author":"Schr\u00f6der","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fire safety journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111897","article-title":"Developing a probabilistic risk assessment framework for construction projects based on Dynamic Bayesian Network","volume":"267","author":"Teymoori","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111646","article-title":"Techno-Economic Analysis of Protection Barriers Against Fire-Induced Domino Effects in the Chemical and Process Industry","volume":"266","author":"Valente","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.112335","article-title":"A Proactive Decision Support System for Managing Transient Fire Risks in Construction Environments","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0051","article-title":"Geographic information system-based urban community fire danger evaluation method fusing evidential reasoning and intelligent optimization","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2024.110579","article-title":"Research on scenario extrapolation and emergency decision-making for fire and explosion accidents at university laboratories based on BN-CBR","volume":"253","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2025.104199","article-title":"Automated conversion and semantic gap filling of material layer annotations from CAD drawings to semantically rich BIM objects","volume":"70","author":"Lee","year":"2026","journal-title":"Advanced Engineering Informatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0054","series-title":"Code for fire protection design of buildings(GB 50016-2014)","year":"2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10694-025-01736-8","article-title":"Modelling a damper-optimized demand control ventilation system during a fire","volume":"61","author":"Meraner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fire Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0056","article-title":"Impact of fire-resistant bio-based building materials on fire safety: sustainable retrofit strategies for heritage buildings","volume":"104357","author":"Choi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2022.105807","article-title":"Study on fire smoke control in evacuation passageways on the top floor of an atrium involving breathing zones combined with underfloor makeup air supplementation","volume":"153","author":"Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Safety science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0058","series-title":"FDS fire numerical simulation","author":"Li","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0059","article-title":"A hybrid learning framework for real-time fire dynamics prediction using diffusion models and spiking neural networks","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.32604\/cmes.2023.030023","article-title":"Study on evacuation strategy of commercial high-rise building under fire based on FDS and pathfinder","volume":"138","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.102559","article-title":"A BIM-based framework for evacuation assessment of high-rise buildings under post-earthquake fires","volume":"43","author":"Lotfi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Building Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103395","article-title":"An agent-based simulator for indoor crowd evacuation considering fire impacts","volume":"120","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0063","article-title":"A Coupled Dynamic Model for Pedestrian Evacuation and Risk Assessment during Toxic Gas Leakage in Underground Spaces","volume":"112866","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0064","article-title":"When Agents Learn to Think: Large Language Model-Enhanced Agent-Based Modeling for Crowd Evacuation in Disaster Scenarios","volume":"112056","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2025.103858","article-title":"Incorporating risk perception and adaptive behavioral intention into new evacuation standards: Airline passengers' responses to aviation emergencies","volume":"176","author":"Xue","year":"2026","journal-title":"Transport Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06211-w","article-title":"Simulation of emergency evacuation from construction site of prefabricated buildings","volume":"12","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scientific reports,"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0067","series-title":"Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111037","article-title":"Assist in real-time risk evaluation induced by electrical cabinet fires in nuclear power plants: A dual AI framework employing BiTCN and TCNN","volume":"260","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1080\/12265934.2024.2436573","article-title":"Performance-based evaluation on egress safety of disabled welfare facilities","volume":"29","author":"Darkhanbat","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Urban Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1007\/s10694-020-01073-y","article-title":"The Statistical Effectiveness of Fire Protection Measures: Learning from Real Fires in Germany","volume":"57","author":"Sebastian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fire Technology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0071","first-page":"2","article-title":"The report on nutrition and chronic disease status of chinese residents","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food and Nutrition in China"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2013.04.008","article-title":"A comprehensive method for environmentally sensitive and behavioral microscopic egress analysis in case of fire in buildings","volume":"59","author":"Abolghasemzadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0073","series-title":"SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering","first-page":"2308","article-title":"Assessment of hazards to occupants from smoke, toxic gases, and heat","author":"Purser","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0074","series-title":"Fire safety engineering-Part 9:Guidance on evaluation of behaviour and movement of people (GB\/T 31593.9-2015)","article-title":"General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China","year":"2015"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2010.07.017","article-title":"Modeling and safety strategy of passenger evacuation in a metro station in China","volume":"50","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0076","series-title":"Technical manual of building fire prevention and evacuation","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2015.02.001","article-title":"Applying building information modeling to support fire safety management","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Automation in Construction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.firesaf.2020.103026","article-title":"Influence of lit emergency signs and illuminated settings on walking speeds in smoky corridors","volume":"120","author":"Fujii","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fire Safety Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3210\/fst.5.79","article-title":"Irritating effects of fire smoke on visibility","volume":"5","author":"Jin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Fire Science and Technology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0080","first-page":"36","article-title":"SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering","volume":"45","author":"Dannaway","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plumb. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2020.101093","article-title":"A BIM-based simulation framework for fire safety management and investigation of the critical factors affecting human evacuation performance","volume":"44","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advanced Engineering Informatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111047","article-title":"Two-stage stochastic optimization of passenger evacuation routes in metro stations considering stampede incidents","volume":"260","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0083","article-title":"An evacuation model considering multi-attribute group decision-making behavior","volume":"111976","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0084","unstructured":"Bounagui, A., Benichou, N., McCartney, C., & Kashef, A. (2003, December). Optimizing the grid size used in CFD simulations to evaluate fire safety in houses. In 3rd NRC Symposium on Computational Fluid Dynamics, High Performance Computing and Virtual Reality (Vol. 4, pp. 1-8)."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0085","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fire dynamics simulator user's guide","volume":"1019","author":"McGrattan","year":"2013","journal-title":"NIST special publication,"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0086","series-title":"Research on several typical building firefighting based on numerical simulation","author":"Li","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2022.108719","article-title":"Safety barrier performance assessment by integrating computational fluid dynamics and evacuation modeling for toxic gas leakage scenarios","volume":"226","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0088","series-title":"Life-threatening components of fire\u2014Guidelines for the estimation of time to compromised tenability in fires (ISO 13571:2012)","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0089","article-title":"The Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning\u2019s general recommendations on the analytical design of a building\u2019s fire protection, BBRAD: BFS 2011:27 with amendments up to BFS 2013:12","year":"2013","journal-title":"Boverket"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0090","series-title":"Human dimensions of Chinese adults (GB\/T 10000-2023)","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/26.1.15","article-title":"Comfortable and maximum walking speed of adults aged 20\u201479 years: reference values and determinants","volume":"26","author":"Bohannon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Age and ageing"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0092","first-page":"20","article-title":"Human walking behavior-the effect of pedestrian flow and personal space invasions on walking speed and direction","volume":"28","author":"Frohnwieser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Human ethology bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015339216366","article-title":"Toward the characterization of building occupancies for fire safety engineering: capabilities of disabled people moving horizontally and on an incline","volume":"35","author":"Boyce","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fire technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0095","article-title":"A high-deck coach evacuation model framework: Behavioural modelling, numerical analyses and insights","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1007\/s10694-019-00881-1","article-title":"The variation of pre-movement time in building evacuation","volume":"55","author":"Forssberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fire technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0097","article-title":"Microscopic simulation of the elderly evacuation in nursing homes","volume":"334","author":"Li","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2025.105342","article-title":"Strategizing equitable transit evacuations: A data-driven reinforcement learning approach","volume":"180","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0099","article-title":"An integrated model of crowd evacuation considering the coupling effects of temperature, density, and fall risk","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173_bib0100","article-title":"Development of a Tenability-based Path Planning Model for Building Fire Evacuations Using Reinforcement Learning","volume":"115132","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Building Engineering"}],"container-title":["Reliability Engineering &amp; System Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832026009828?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832026009828?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:47:25Z","timestamp":1788965245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0951832026009828"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"references-count":99,"alternative-id":["S0951832026009828"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-8320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-8320","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Fire evacuation design optimization of public buildings based on building information modeling semantic enrichment for fire simulation requirements","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2026.113173","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113173"}}