{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T10:48:41Z","timestamp":1774003721179,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2028,1,23]],"date-time":"2028-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1832198400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":662,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020963","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency Moonshot Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJMS2032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJMS2032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP22K14277"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22K14277"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP24H01439"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24H01439"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP25K17629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP25K17629"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Robotics and Autonomous Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T16:53:10Z","timestamp":1767891190000},"page":"105329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Power in numbers: Primitive algorithm for swarm robot navigation in unknown environments"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"198","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1149-7721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuke","family":"Tsunoda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shoken","family":"Otsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2630-3281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuki","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Runze","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Naniwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yuichiro","family":"Sueoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Osuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1080\/01691864.2021.1929471","article-title":"Innovative technologies for infrastructure construction and maintenance through collaborative robots based on an open design approach","volume":"35","author":"Nagatani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2018.08.034","article-title":"Lidar-only based navigation algorithm for an autonomous agricultural robot","volume":"154","author":"Malavazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2006.1638022","article-title":"Simultaneous localization and mapping: part i","volume":"13","author":"Durrant-Whyte","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2006.1678144","article-title":"Simultaneous localization and mapping (slam): part ii","volume":"13","author":"Bailey","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01840369","article-title":"Path-planning strategies for a point mobile automaton moving amidst unknown obstacles of arbitrary shape","volume":"2","author":"Lumelsky","year":"1987","journal-title":"Algorithmica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b6","series-title":"Proceedings 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","first-page":"877","article-title":"Mrbug: A competitive multi-robot path finding algorithm","author":"Sarid","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11721-012-0075-2","article-title":"Swarm robotics: a review from the swarm engineering perspective","volume":"7","author":"Brambilla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Swarm Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b8","volume":"vol. 221","author":"Hamann","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b9","series-title":"International Workshop on Swarm Robotics","first-page":"10","article-title":"Swarm robotics: From sources of inspiration to domains of application","author":"\u015eahin","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw9710","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aaw9710","article-title":"Minimal navigation solution for a swarm of tiny flying robots to explore an unknown environment","volume":"4","author":"McGuire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics11040076","article-title":"Swarm crawler robots using l\u00e9vy flight for targets exploration in large environments","volume":"11","author":"Katada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Robotics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66694","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3291401","article-title":"A mdps-based dynamic path planning in unknown environments for hopping locomotion","volume":"11","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712307082088","article-title":"Towards energy optimization: Emergent task allocation in a swarm of foraging robots","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adapt. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Russell, M. Schader, K. Andrea, S. Luke, Swarm robot foraging with wireless sensor motes, in: Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, 2015, pp. 287\u2013295.","DOI":"10.65109\/MERM9541"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s11721-011-0053-0","article-title":"Self-organized cooperation between robotic swarms","volume":"5","author":"Ducatelle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Swarm Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(99)00066-4","article-title":"Cooperative transport by ants and robots","volume":"30","author":"Kube","year":"2000","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b17","series-title":"Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN VIII","first-page":"852","article-title":"Group transport of an object to a target that only some group members may sense","author":"Gro\u00df","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b18","series-title":"Proceedings 2005 IEEE Swarm Intelligence Symposium, 2005. SIS 2005.","first-page":"325","article-title":"Probabilistic aggregation strategies in swarm robotic systems","author":"Soysal","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b19","first-page":"199","article-title":"Aggregation in swarm robotic systems: Evolution and probabilistic control","volume":"15","author":"Soysal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Turk. J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254295","article-title":"Programmable self-assembly in a thousand-robot swarm","volume":"345","author":"Michael","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2020.2967656","article-title":"Shape formation in homogeneous swarms using local task swapping","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b22","series-title":"Robotics Research. the Eleventh International Symposium: With 303 Figures","first-page":"254","article-title":"Multi-robot slam with sparse extended information filers","author":"Thrun","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2021.618268","article-title":"Swarm slam: Challenges and perspectives","volume":"8","author":"Kegeleirs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Robot. AI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b24","series-title":"2015 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","first-page":"4775","article-title":"Decentralized active information acquisition: Theory and application to multi-robot slam","author":"Atanasov","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2478\/jaiscr-2019-0008","article-title":"Collision-free autonomous robot navigation in unknown environments utilizing pso for path planning","volume":"9","author":"Krell","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Artif. Intell. Soft Comput. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.114907","article-title":"Swarm intelligence based robotic search in unknown maze-like environments","volume":"178","author":"Youssefi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11721-013-0089-4","article-title":"Cooperative navigation in robotic swarms","volume":"8","author":"Ducatelle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Swarm Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b28","article-title":"Collective movement method for swarm robot based on a thermodynamic model","volume":"8","author":"Yamagishi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2016.2580303","article-title":"Implementation studies of robot swarm navigation using potential functions and panel methods","volume":"21","author":"Merheb","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatronics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1007\/s10015-023-00907-6","article-title":"\u201cUnfavorable\u201d environmental effects can also be beneficial: a simulation analysis of centipede-like swarm robots based on implicit control for navigation and exploration in unknown environments","volume":"28","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Artif. Life Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b31","article-title":"Demonstration of cooperative obstacle crossing by sensorless swarm robots based on the mechanical interaction aided field control","volume":"87","author":"Harada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. JSME ( Japanese)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b32","first-page":"3074","article-title":"Foraging behavior of interacting robots with virtual pheromone","volume":"vol. 3","author":"Sugawara","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b33","series-title":"2007 IEEE Swarm Intelligence Symposium","first-page":"37","article-title":"Alice in pheromone land: An experimental setup for the study of ant-like robots","author":"Garnier","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Luo, X.H. Fang, Y. Ng, G.X. Gao, Shinerbot: Bio-inspired collective robot swarm navigation platform, in: Proc. Institute of Navigation GNSS+ Conference (ION GNSS+ 2016), 2016.","DOI":"10.33012\/2016.14756"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b35","series-title":"2008 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems","first-page":"1391","article-title":"Communication using pheromone field for multiple robots","author":"Fujisawa","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b36","article-title":"Analysis and experiment of robot navigation by sound field using interaction with obstacles","volume":"87","author":"Sueoka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. JSME"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.20965\/jrm.2019.p0110","article-title":"Experimental analysis of acoustic field control-based robot navigation","volume":"31","author":"Tsunoda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Robot. Mechatronics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.20965\/jrm.2023.p0957","article-title":"Experimental analysis of shepherding-type robot navigation utilizing sound-obstacle-interaction","volume":"35","author":"Tsunoda","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Robot. Mechatronics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b39","first-page":"3534","article-title":"Heat trails as short-lived navigational markers for mobile robots","volume":"vol. 4","author":"Russell","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2023.104368","article-title":"Distributed control for a robotic swarm to pass through a curve virtual tube","volume":"162","author":"Quan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2024.3477094","article-title":"Speed and density planning for a speed-constrained robot swarm through a virtual tube","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1177\/02783649231210012","article-title":"Optimal virtual tube planning and control for swarm robotics","volume":"43","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Robot. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-007-9157-6","article-title":"Performance comparison of bug navigation algorithms","volume":"50","author":"Ng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Intell. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1109\/TRA.2003.809592","article-title":"Motion planning of multiple mobile robots for cooperative manipulation and transportation","volume":"19","author":"Yamashita","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot. Autom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/20464177.2016.1247636","article-title":"Co-operative control of a team of autonomous underwater vehicles in an obstacle-rich environment","volume":"15","author":"Das","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mar. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b46","first-page":"7621","article-title":"Multi-robot path planning based on improved artificial potential field and fuzzy inference system","volume":"39","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intell. Fuzzy Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51286-2","article-title":"Appa-3d: an autonomous 3d path planning algorithm for uavs in unknown complex environments","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2023008","article-title":"Path planning and collision avoidance methods for distributed multi-robot systems in complex dynamic environments","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Math. Biosci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.26483\/ijarcs.v8i8.4832","article-title":"Fault-detection on multi-robot path planning.","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b50","series-title":"2024 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems","first-page":"10222","article-title":"Swarmprm: Probabilistic roadmap motion planning for large-scale swarm robotic systems","author":"Hu","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.5772\/61555","article-title":"Multi-auv hunting algorithm based on bio-inspired neural network in unknown environments","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.08.108","article-title":"Path planning of multi-agent systems in unknown environment with neural kernel smoothing and reinforcement learning","volume":"233","author":"Cruz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s11370-019-00310-w","article-title":"Path planning for active slam based on deep reinforcement learning under unknown environments","volume":"13","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intell. Serv. Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.121240","article-title":"Q-learning based system for path planning with unmanned aerial vehicles swarms in obstacle environments","volume":"235","author":"Puente-Castro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2006.882919","article-title":"Autonomous self-assembly in swarm-bots","volume":"22","author":"Gro\u00df","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s10015-018-0501-7","article-title":"Casualty-based cooperation in swarm robots","volume":"23","author":"Sugawara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artif. Life Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b57","series-title":"Advances in Artificial Intelligence: 17th Conference of the Canadian Society for Computational Studies of Intelligence, Canadian AI 2004, London, Ontario, Canada, May 17-19, 2004. Proceedings 17","first-page":"422","article-title":"Multi-agent trail making for stigmergic navigation","author":"Wurr","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012411712038","article-title":"Pheromone robotics","volume":"11","author":"Payton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Auton. Robots"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-8890(96)00012-7","article-title":"Adaptive mapping and navigation by teams of simple robots","volume":"18","author":"Cohen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b60","first-page":"3900","article-title":"Self-organized flocking with agent failure: Off-line optimization and demonstration with real robots","volume":"vol. 4","author":"Hayes","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263574713000027","article-title":"Navigation of non-communicating autonomous mobile robots with guaranteed connectivity","volume":"31","author":"Cezayirli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Robotica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.05.371","article-title":"Efficient strategy for collective navigation control in swarm robotics","volume":"80","author":"Junior","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-022-00900-9","article-title":"Agds: adaptive goal-directed strategy for swarm drones flying through unknown environments","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Complex Intell. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55197-8","article-title":"Swarm navigation of cyborg-insects in unknown obstructed soft terrain","volume":"16","author":"Bai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Agrawal, A. Sudheer, S. Ashok, Ant colony based path planning for swarm robots, in: Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Advances in Robotics, 2015, pp. 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1145\/2783449.2783511"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b66","article-title":"A novel prototype model for swarm mobile robot navigation based fuzzy logic controller","volume":"11","author":"Riyadh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Inf. Technol.(IJCSIT)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b67","first-page":"390","article-title":"Automatic mutual localization of swarm robot using a particle filter","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Inf. Commun. Converg. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7799","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2021.3100000","article-title":"Fault tolerant multi-robot cooperative localization based on covariance union","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008937911390","article-title":"A probabilistic approach to collaborative multi-robot localization","volume":"8","author":"Fox","year":"2000","journal-title":"Auton. Robots"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33183","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2844817","article-title":"Limited communication consensus control of leader-following multi-uuvs in a swarm system under multi-independent switching topologies and time delay","volume":"6","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549720930082","article-title":"Development and analysis of a novel obstacle avoidance strategy for a multi-robot system inspired by the bug-1 algorithm","volume":"96","author":"Kandathil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Simulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b72","series-title":"2016 8th International Conference on Games and Virtual Worlds for Serious Applications (VS-GAMES)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Algorithms and approaches for procedural terrain generation-a brief review of current techniques","author":"Rose","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b73","series-title":"[1993] Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","first-page":"662","article-title":"Fast path planning using modified a* method","author":"Warren","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b74","series-title":"The Fast Fourier Transform","author":"Nussbaumer","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329_b75","unstructured":"M. Quigley, K. Conley, B. Gerkey, J. Faust, T. Foote, J. Leibs, R. Wheeler, A.Y. Ng, et al., Ros: an open-source robot operating system, in: ICRA Workshop on Open Source Software, vol. 3, Kobe, Japan, 2009, p. 5."}],"container-title":["Robotics and Autonomous Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0921889026000023?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0921889026000023?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T08:31:19Z","timestamp":1773995479000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0921889026000023"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["S0921889026000023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329","relation":{},"ISSN":["0921-8890"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0921-8890","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Power in numbers: Primitive algorithm for swarm robot navigation in unknown environments","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Robotics and Autonomous Systems","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105329","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105329"}}