{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T12:21:19Z","timestamp":1783081279357,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":490,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002963","name":"CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001412","name":"Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RDSF-CSPS-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RDSF-CSPS-2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001412","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Robotics and Autonomous Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T15:13:38Z","timestamp":1779376418000},"page":"105551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Bioinspired underwater robotics: Advances across the materials, design, control, and applications"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"204","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0007-7708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilip","family":"Muchhala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pramod Kumar","family":"Maurya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adarsh","family":"Raut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saurabh","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivanand","family":"Prabhudesai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prakash","family":"Mehra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2014.06.002","article-title":"Challenging the paradigms of deep-sea ecology","volume":"29","author":"Danovaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-020-0558-x","article-title":"Challenges to the sustainability of deep-seabed mining","volume":"3","author":"Levin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1217227","article-title":"Exposing inequities in deep-sea exploration and research: results of the 2022 Global Deep-Sea Capacity Assessment","volume":"10","author":"Bell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0004","series-title":"Agrangian Platforms Sensors Work","first-page":"2","article-title":"Autonomous underwater vehicles","author":"Von Alt","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0005","series-title":"IEEE ICRA","first-page":"122","article-title":"The development of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV); a brief summary","author":"Blidberg","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P1","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3182\/1\/1\/P01","article-title":"Biomimetics\u2014using nature to inspire human innovation","volume":"1","author":"Bar-Cohen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2013.03.002","article-title":"Soft robotics: a bioinspired evolution in robotics","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2023.1145798","article-title":"Bioinspired robots can foster nature conservation","volume":"10","author":"Chellapurath","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Robot. AI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2024.102688","article-title":"Bioinspired technology in society: ethical and architectural innovations for sustainable development","volume":"78","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-017-0678-3","article-title":"Design of a bio-inspired autonomous underwater robot","volume":"91","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Intell. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2018.11.047","article-title":"A review on the modeling, materials, and actuators of aquatic unmanned vehicles","volume":"172","author":"Salazar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2019.01.026","article-title":"A novel maneuverable propeller for improving maneuverability and propulsive performance of underwater vehicles","volume":"85","author":"Eskandarian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Ocean Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2019.106851","article-title":"An initial evaluation of the free surface effect on the maneuverability of underwater vehicles","volume":"196","author":"Amiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euromechflu.2020.12.009","article-title":"Numerical investigation of a bio-inspired underwater robot with skeleton-reinforced undulating fins","volume":"87","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2020.00008","article-title":"SAUV\u2014A bio-inspired soft-robotic autonomous underwater vehicle","volume":"14","author":"Plum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurorobot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-022-00160-0","article-title":"A bio-inspired and self-powered triboelectric tactile sensor for underwater vehicle perception","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Npj Flex. Electron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20545","article-title":"Evolution of marine mammals: back to the sea after 300 million years","volume":"290","author":"Uhen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anat. Rec. Adv. Integr. Anat. Evol. Biol. Adv. Integr. Anat. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/abd013","article-title":"Fish-like three-dimensional swimming with an autonomous, multi-fin, and biomimetic robot","volume":"16","author":"Berlinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0019","series-title":"A Fully Actuated Tail Propulsion System for a Biomimetic Autonomous Underwater Vehicle","author":"Ahmad Mazlan","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2021.110406","article-title":"Performance analysis of bio-inspired transformable robotic fish tail","volume":"244","author":"Omari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2017.2734969","article-title":"Robust maneuverability of a miniature, low-cost underwater robot using multiple fin actuation","volume":"3","author":"Berlinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/ab8d0f","article-title":"Fish-like aquatic propulsion studied using a pneumatically-actuated soft-robotic model","volume":"15","author":"Wolf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202104347","article-title":"A shift from efficiency to adaptability: recent progress in biomimetic interactive soft robotics in wet environments","volume":"9","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2024.102064","article-title":"A comprehensive review on the evolution of bio-inspired sensors from aquatic creatures","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Reports Phys. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2019.2891290","article-title":"Towards a gliding robotic dolphin: design, modeling, and experiments","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2017.2722009","article-title":"Development of a novel robotic dolphin and its application to water quality monitoring","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2824","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2020.2994451","article-title":"Development of a whale-shark-inspired gliding robotic fish with high maneuverability","volume":"25","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0028","series-title":"Ocean. 2007-Europe","first-page":"1","article-title":"Advanced surveillance technology for underwater security sonar systems","author":"Asada","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0029","series-title":"Design Methodology for Biomimetic Propulsion of Miniature Swimming Robots","author":"Behkam","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2016.2522498","article-title":"A soft jellyfish robot driven by a dielectric elastomer actuator","volume":"1","author":"Godaba","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2013.2243032","article-title":"Design of a WSN platform for long-term environmental monitoring for IoT applications","volume":"3","author":"Lazarescu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315400055132","article-title":"A study of a marine benthic community with special reference to the micro-organisms","volume":"25","author":"Mare","year":"1942","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. United Kingdom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511983641.003","article-title":"Buoyancy and swimming in marine planktonic protists","author":"Febvre-Chevalier","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mech. Physiol. Anim. Swim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0034","article-title":"Actuation and design innovations in earthworm-inspired soft robots: a review","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/11\/3\/031001","article-title":"Fish-inspired robots: design, sensing, actuation, and autonomy\u2014a review of research","volume":"11","author":"Raj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics10070447","article-title":"Bio-inspired soft robotics: design, fabrication and applications","volume":"10","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomimetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-021-01421-2","article-title":"Bio-inspired intelligence with applications to robotics: a survey","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intell. Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/ade215","article-title":"Bio-inspired swarm of underwater robots: a review","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/ae3af2","article-title":"From shallow waters to Mariana Trench: a survey of bio-inspired underwater soft robots","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0040","series-title":"Propulsive Efficiency of a Flexible Hull Underwater Vehicle","author":"Barrett","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112099005455","article-title":"Drag reduction in fish-like locomotion","volume":"392","author":"Barrett","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/42.1.118","article-title":"Maneuvering and stability performance of a robotic tuna","volume":"42","author":"Anderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.437.705","article-title":"Control algorithm and implement of a bio-robotic fish inspired by stingray","volume":"437","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0044","series-title":"International Design Engineering Technical Conferences & Computers and Information in Engineering Conference","first-page":"705","article-title":"Novel autonomous underwater vehicle based upon jellyfish locomotion","author":"Blanch","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0045","series-title":"2015 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics","first-page":"1918","article-title":"Development of propulsion mechanism for Robot Manta Ray","author":"Chew","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7097","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42882-3","article-title":"Bioinspired soft robots for deep-sea exploration","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0055","series-title":"2005 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.","first-page":"3604","article-title":"A visually guided swimming robot","author":"Dudek","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0056","series-title":"Symp. Mar. Eng","article-title":"Development of turtle-like submergence vehicle 7th Int","author":"Konno","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0057","series-title":"Proc. 14th Int. Symp. Unmanned Untethered Submers. Technol.","article-title":"Madeleine: an agile AUV propelled by flexible fins","author":"Kemp","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0058","series-title":"2008 47th IEEE Conf. Decis. Control","first-page":"5226","article-title":"Development of a flipper propelled turtle-like underwater robot and its CPG-based control algorithm","author":"Zhao","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0059","series-title":"2009 IEEE Int. Conf. Autom. Logist","first-page":"140","article-title":"Bio-inspired design and realization of a novel multimode amphibious robot","author":"Wang","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0060","series-title":"Ocean. 2009-EUROPE","first-page":"1","article-title":"A highly versatile autonomous underwater vehicle with biomechanical propulsion","author":"Simons","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0061","series-title":"2011 IEEE Int. Conf. Autom. Logist","first-page":"330","article-title":"Dynamic mechanics and electric field analysis of an ICPF actuated fish-like underwater microrobot","author":"Gao","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0062","series-title":"2013 IEEE\/RSJ Int. Conf. Intell. Robot. Syst.","first-page":"3790","article-title":"System integration and fin trajectory design for a robotic sea-turtle","author":"Siegenthaler","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.5302\/J.ICROS.2013.13.9018","article-title":"Development of a specialized underwater leg convertible to a manipulator for the seabed walking robot cr200","volume":"19","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Inst. Control. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2012.2234311","article-title":"Salamandra robotica II: an amphibious robot to study salamander-like swimming and walking gaits","volume":"29","author":"Crespi","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3182\/8\/4\/046005","article-title":"Biomimetic autonomous robot inspired by the Cyanea capillata (Cyro)","volume":"8","author":"Villanueva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0066","series-title":"2014 Ocean. John\u2019s","first-page":"1","article-title":"Design principle of a biomimetic underwater robot u-cat","author":"Salum\u00e4e","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0067","series-title":"Robot Fish Bio-Inspired Fishlike Underwater Robots","first-page":"193","article-title":"iSplash: realizing fast carangiform swimming to outperform a real fish","author":"Clapham","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/10\/3\/035003","article-title":"Bioinspired locomotion and grasping in water: the soft eight-arm OCTOPUS robot","volume":"10","author":"Cianchetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0069","series-title":"Robot Fish Bio-Inspired Fishlike Underwater Robots","first-page":"119","article-title":"Research on robotic fish propelled by oscillating pectoral fins","author":"Cai","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0070","series-title":"Robot Fish Bio-Inspired Fishlike Underwater Robots","first-page":"161","article-title":"Soft-body robot fish","author":"Valdivia y Alvarado","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0071","series-title":"Robot Fish Bio-Inspired Fishlike Underwater Robots","first-page":"51","article-title":"Wire-driven robot fish","author":"Li","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/S1672-6529(14)60113-X","article-title":"Design and experiment on a biomimetic robotic fish inspired by freshwater stingray","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bionic Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0073","series-title":"2016 24th Mediterr. Conf. Control Autom","first-page":"496","article-title":"Steering-plane motion control for an underwater robot with a pair of undulatory fin propulsors","author":"Sfakiotakis","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaar3449","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aar3449","article-title":"Exploration of underwater life with an acoustically controlled soft robotic fish","volume":"3","author":"Katzschmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0075","series-title":"2018 IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Autom.","first-page":"1583","article-title":"Bio-inspired octopus robot based on novel soft fluidic actuator","author":"Fras","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2018.2800776","article-title":"On a CPG-based hexapod robot: AmphiHex-II with variable stiffness legs","volume":"23","author":"Zhong","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2018.0124","article-title":"A versatile soft crawling robot with rapid locomotion","volume":"6","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soft Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4041697","article-title":"A relationship between sweep angle of flapping pectoral fins and thrust generation","volume":"11","author":"Arastehfar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mech. Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4163","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2019.2931263","article-title":"Morphing structure for changing hydrodynamic characteristics of a soft underwater walking robot","volume":"4","author":"Ishida","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0080","series-title":"2019 IEEE\/RSJ Int. Conf. Intell. Robot. Syst.","first-page":"1702","article-title":"A novel small-scale turtle-inspired amphibious spherical robot","author":"Xing","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aaz1012","article-title":"Bioinspired underwater legged robot for seabed exploration with low environmental disturbance","volume":"5","author":"Picardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9317","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3055953","article-title":"Design, modeling, control, and experiments for a fish-robot-based IoT platform to enable smart ocean","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03153-z","article-title":"Self-powered soft robot in the Mariana Trench","volume":"591","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05188-w","article-title":"Multi-environment robotic transitions through adaptive morphogenesis","volume":"610","author":"Baines","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2021.0158","article-title":"Copebot: underwater soft robot with copepod-like locomotion","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soft Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0086","article-title":"A versatile jellyfish-like robotic platform for effective underwater propulsion and manipulation","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2023.113968","article-title":"Design and development of modular magnetic bio-inspired autonomous underwater robot\u2013MMBAUV","volume":"273","author":"Wright","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics8020133","article-title":"Biomimetic soft underwater robot inspired by the red muscle and tendon structure of fish","volume":"8","author":"Aragaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomimetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0089","article-title":"Toward swimming speed optimization of a multi-flexible robotic fish with low cost of transport","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2024.3353040","article-title":"Development of bioinspired multimodal underwater robot \u201cHERO-BLUE\u201d for walking, swimming, and crawling","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0091","first-page":"1","article-title":"An underwater biomimetic robot that can swim, bipedal walk and grasp","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Bionic Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0092","article-title":"Development and 3-D path-following control of an agile robotic manta with flexible pectoral fins","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.22261","article-title":"Leaping fishbot by combustion and propulsion hybrid actuation","volume":"41","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. F. Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202421522","article-title":"Ocyropsis-inspired fast-swimming transparent soft robots","volume":"35","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0095","article-title":"Soft robotic fish actuated by bionic muscle with embedded sensing for self-adaptive multiple modes swimming","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0047","series-title":"13th International Symposium on Unmanned Untethered Submersible Technology Durham, NH, Aug, Citeseer","first-page":"24","article-title":"Conceptual design for the construction of a biorobotic AUV based on biological hydrodynamics","author":"Fish","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s00348-009-0684-8","article-title":"Swimming performance of a biomimetic compliant fish-like robot","volume":"47","author":"Epps","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/10\/4\/046012","article-title":"Dynamics of underwater legged locomotion: modeling and experiments on an octopus-inspired robot","volume":"10","author":"Calisti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0050","series-title":"Biomimetic and Biohybrid Systems: Third International Conference, Living Machines 2014, Milan, Italy, July 30\u2013August 1, 2014. Proceedings 3","first-page":"35","article-title":"Bipedal walking of an octopus-inspired robot","author":"Calisti","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2306252","article-title":"Biomimetic echolocation with application to radar and sonar sensing","volume":"102","author":"Baker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2013.03.004","article-title":"A new optimization method: Dolphin echolocation","volume":"59","author":"Kaveh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Softw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0053","series-title":"Dolphin Communication and Cognition: Past, Present, and Future","author":"Herzing","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1080\/20464177.2015.1022383","article-title":"Design and development of an autonomous underwater vehicle\u2013robot dolphin","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mar. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0096","series-title":"Marine Corrosion and Cathodic Protection","author":"Googan","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0097","series-title":"LaQue's Handbook of Marine Corrosion","first-page":"335","article-title":"Design for corrosion control in marine environments","author":"Shifler","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2011.0502","article-title":"Biofouling: lessons from nature","volume":"370","author":"Bixler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0099","first-page":"1","article-title":"Marine biofouling: a sticky problem","volume":"49","author":"Callow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0100","first-page":"41","article-title":"Marine biofouling and its prevention","author":"Lewis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mater. Forum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-21-0622.1","article-title":"Variability and drivers of ocean temperature extremes in a warming western boundary current","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL089396","article-title":"Oceanic processes in ocean temperature products key to a realistic presentation of positive Indian Ocean Dipole nonlinearity","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/rog.20022","article-title":"A review of global ocean temperature observations: implications for ocean heat content estimates and climate change","volume":"51","author":"Abraham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0104","series-title":"Fish Physiol","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S1546-5098(08)60136-3","article-title":"11 Hydrostatic pressure","author":"Gordon","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9629(96)00354-4","article-title":"Hydrostatic pressure as an environmental factor in life processes","volume":"116","author":"Macdonald","year":"1997","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0106","series-title":"Handb. Compos","first-page":"136","article-title":"Fiberglass reinforcement","author":"Knox","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18540\/jcecvl9iss7pp16530-01e","article-title":"Concrete reinforcement using composite fiberglass-based materials","volume":"9","author":"Lamine","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eng. Exact Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2023.108029","article-title":"Manufacturing of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics and its recovery of carbon fiber: a review","volume":"122","author":"Almushaikeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0109","series-title":"Synth. Miner. Fibers, Their Compos. Appl.","first-page":"61","article-title":"Aramid fiber, its composites and applications","author":"Kukreja","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38701-4","article-title":"Fabricating strong and tough aramid fibers by small addition of carbon nanotubes","volume":"14","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/2631-8695\/ad2640","article-title":"Towards sustainable and ecofriendly polymer composite materials from bast fibers: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Santos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eng. Res. Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1177\/08927057231186324","article-title":"Development of sustainable and biodegradable materials: a review on banana and sisal fibre based polymer composites","volume":"37","author":"Makinde-Isola","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0113","article-title":"Mechanical, tribological, and surface morphological studies on the effects of hybrid ilmenite and silicon dioxide fillers on glass fibre reinforced epoxy composites","volume":"146","author":"Perumal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15030694","article-title":"Mechanical and tribological performances of thermoplastic polymers reinforced with glass fibres at variable fibre volume fractions","volume":"15","author":"Zaghloul","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2023.109059","article-title":"Assessment of the tribological performance of glass fibre reinforced polyamide 6 under harsh abrasive environments","volume":"191","author":"Zaghloul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0116","first-page":"615","article-title":"Mechanical performance of e-glass reinforced polyester resins (isophthalic and orthophthalic) laminate composites used in marine applications","volume":"238","author":"Ojha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part L"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5042","DOI":"10.1177\/09544062231161434","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of light weight PVC foam based E-glass reinforced polyester sandwich composites","volume":"237","author":"Ojha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse11051076","article-title":"An overview of natural fiber composites for marine applications","volume":"11","author":"El Hawary","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0119","series-title":"Synthetic and Mineral Fibers, Their Composites and Applications","first-page":"291","article-title":"Carbon fiber: composites and applications","author":"Azad","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2024.109521","article-title":"Tensile properties of helical carbon fiber tows","volume":"280","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0121","article-title":"Anisotropic thermal conductivity of epoxy laminate composites constructed with three-dimensional carbon fiber felt","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coco.2024.101879","article-title":"Anisotropy characteristics of electrical conductivity and compressive strength of 3D carbon fiber\/epoxy angle-interlock woven composites","volume":"47","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Compos. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4682","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.27432","article-title":"A method of obtaining the anisotropic complex moduli of carbon fibers by fitting","volume":"44","author":"Guan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7293","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA00052A","article-title":"Toward high-performance poly (para-phenylene terephthalamide)(PPTA)-based composite paper via hot-pressing: the key role of partial fibrillation and surface activation","volume":"7","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radzi, Fathin Sakinah Mohd, Abu Bakar, Anuar, Asyraf, Mohd Azman, Nik Abdullah, Nik Adib and Suriani, Mat Jusoh. \"Manufacturing defects and interfacial adhesion of Arenga Pinnata and kenaf fibre reinforced fibreglass\/kevlar hybrid composite in boat construction application\" Physical Sciences Reviews, 8, (12), 2023, pp. 5165-5173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/psr-2022-0078.","DOI":"10.1515\/psr-2022-0078"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0126","first-page":"17","article-title":"A Review Assessment of Fiber-Reinforced Polymers for Maritime Applications","volume":"4","author":"Okuma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adv. Ind. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85831","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3198685","article-title":"Design and testing of a composite pressure hull for deep autonomous underwater vehicles","volume":"10","author":"Elkolali","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.5772\/50898","article-title":"Design, implementation and control of a fish robot with undulating fins","volume":"8","author":"Siahmansouri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0129","first-page":"201","article-title":"Undulating fins produce off-axis thrust and flow structures","volume":"217","author":"Neveln","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0170156","article-title":"Hydrodynamic performance analysis of undulating fin propulsion","volume":"35","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.2514\/1.29263","article-title":"Flapping wing aerodynamics: progress and challenges","volume":"46","author":"Platzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paerosci.2010.01.001","article-title":"Recent progress in flapping wing aerodynamics and aeroelasticity","volume":"46","author":"Shyy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Aerosp. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expthermflusci.2008.05.003","article-title":"Fluid mechanics of flapping wings","volume":"32","author":"von Ellenrieder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0200","article-title":"Aerodynamic effects of flexibility in flapping wings","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/S1672-6529(11)60046-2","article-title":"Numerical study of propulsion mechanism for oscillating rigid and flexible tuna-tails","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bionic Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1109\/48.701206","article-title":"Modeling the dynamics of spring-driven oscillating-foil propulsion","volume":"23","author":"Harper","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2003.08.007","article-title":"A simple model of propulsive oscillating foils","volume":"31","author":"Guglielmini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1006\/jfls.1993.1012","article-title":"Optimal thrust development in oscillating foils with application to fish propulsion","volume":"7","author":"Triantafyllou","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Fluids Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euromechflu.2003.10.002","article-title":"Propulsive efficiency of oscillating foils","volume":"23","author":"Guglielmini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2016.0034","article-title":"Bioinspired robotic fingers based on pneumatic actuator and 3D printing of smart material","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soft Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/20\/9\/094014","article-title":"Bioinspiration from fish for smart material design and function","volume":"20","author":"Lauder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0142","article-title":"Bioinspired soft robots based on the moisture-responsive graphene oxide","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2018.05.003","article-title":"Bio-inspired soft robotics: material selection, actuation, and design","volume":"22","author":"Coyle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Extrem. Mech. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0144","article-title":"From sea cucumbers to soft robots: a photothermal-responsive hydrogel actuator with shape memory","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0145","series-title":"Nanocomposite Manuf. Technol","first-page":"227","article-title":"Ionic polymer\u2013metal composites: smart multifunctional properties and applications in an underwater environment","author":"Gupta","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0146","article-title":"AI-Enhanced smart materials and sensor optimization for underwater soft robots","volume":"1","author":"Iyengar","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Auton. Adapt. Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0147","article-title":"A review on recent trends of bioinspired soft robotics: actuators, control methods, materials selection, sensors, challenges, and future prospects","author":"Sarker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0148","series-title":"Electroact. Polym. Actuators Devices 2017","first-page":"70","article-title":"Fused filament 3D printing of ionic polymer-metal composites for soft robotics","author":"Carrico","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2023.111821","article-title":"Modeling and control of ionic polymer metal composite actuators: a review","volume":"186","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118577516.ch10","article-title":"Fundamentals on the use of shape memory alloys in soft robotics","author":"Cianchetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Mechatron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202300699","article-title":"A bioinspired shape memory alloy based soft robotic system for deep-sea exploration","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0152","series-title":"Actuators","first-page":"226","article-title":"Bioinspired soft actuation system using shape memory alloys","author":"Cianchetti","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/aad0ae","article-title":"Design and assessment of a flexible fish robot actuated by shape memory alloys","volume":"13","author":"Coral","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0154","series-title":"2009 IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Autom.","first-page":"3821","article-title":"Development of underwater robots using piezoelectric fiber composite","author":"Ming","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0155","series-title":"2013 IEEE Int. Conf. Mechatronics Autom","first-page":"219","article-title":"Fundamental analysis for design and control of soft fish robots using piezoelectric fiber composite","author":"Ming","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202002640","article-title":"Functional fibers and fabrics for soft robotics, wearables, and human\u2013robot interface","volume":"33","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0157","series-title":"Bioinspired Sensing, Actuation, Control Underwater Soft Robotic System","first-page":"117","article-title":"Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite (IPMC) artificial muscles in underwater environments: review of actuation, sensing, controls, and applications to soft robotics","author":"Minaian","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0158","series-title":"Smart Struct. Mater. 1997 Smart Sensing, Process. Instrum.","first-page":"52","article-title":"Ion-exchange-metal composite sensor films","author":"Mojarrad","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0159","series-title":"Smart Mater. Adapt. Struct. Intell. Syst.","first-page":"71","article-title":"Experimental characterization of direct assembly process based ionic polymer transducers in sensing","author":"Kocer","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-4686(03)00224-X","article-title":"Ionic polymer\u2013conductor composites as biomimetic sensors, robotic actuators and artificial muscles\u2014a review","volume":"48","author":"Shahinpoor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0161","series-title":"Actuators","first-page":"74","article-title":"Self-sensing control of Nafion-based ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) actuator in the extremely low humidity environment","author":"Sasaki","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R15","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/7\/6\/001","article-title":"Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) as biomimetic sensors, actuators and artificial muscles-a review","volume":"7","author":"Shahinpoor","year":"1998","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0163","first-page":"59","article-title":"Electrically controllable deformations in ionic polymer metal composite actuators","author":"Shahinpoor","year":"2002","journal-title":"ASME Int. Mech. Eng. Congr. Expo."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/17\/2\/025017","article-title":"A piezoelectric fibre composite based energy harvesting device for potential wearable applications","volume":"17","author":"Swallow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/ente.201800419","article-title":"Flexible lead-free piezoelectric composite materials for energy harvesting applications","volume":"7","author":"Stuber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1007\/s42114-018-0046-1","article-title":"Recent progress on piezoelectric energy harvesting: structures and materials","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0167","series-title":"Energy Harvest. Technol.","first-page":"3","article-title":"Piezoelectric energy harvesting","author":"Kim","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00362148","article-title":"Mechanisms in damping of mechanical vibration by piezoelectric ceramic-polymer composite materials","volume":"30","author":"Law","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/15376490701298876","article-title":"Hybrid composites with shunted piezoelectric particles for vibration damping","volume":"14","author":"Aldraihem","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0170","article-title":"Shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators: the role of material, form, and scaling effects","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0171","first-page":"451","article-title":"A comprehensive review on advancements of elastomers for engineering applications","volume":"6","author":"Alarifi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Ind. Eng. Polym. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2025.3530349","article-title":"Biomimetic underwater soft snake robot: self-motion sensing and online gait control","volume":"41","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2019.0054","article-title":"Body wave generation for anguilliform locomotion using a fiber-reinforced soft fluidic elastomer actuator array toward the development of the eel-inspired underwater soft robot","volume":"7","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soft Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0456","article-title":"Octopus-inspired underwater soft robotic gripper with crawling and swimming capabilities","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2022.815435","article-title":"Bipedal walking of underwater soft robot based on data-driven model inspired by octopus","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Robot. AI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202406480","article-title":"Squid-inspired anti-salt skin-like elastomers with superhigh damage resistance for aquatic soft robots","volume":"36","author":"Chu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/app.47025","article-title":"Mechanical responses of Ecoflex silicone rubber: compressible and incompressible behaviors","volume":"136","author":"Steck","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2018.06.001","article-title":"PDMS with designer functionalities\u2014properties, modifications strategies, and applications","volume":"83","author":"Wolf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.008","article-title":"Mechanical anisotropy of aligned fiber reinforced composite for extrusion-based 3D printing","volume":"202","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202100061","article-title":"Soft actuator materials for electrically driven haptic interfaces","volume":"4","author":"Ankit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2012.01.039","article-title":"Ion transport in silicone hydrogel contact lenses","volume":"399-400","author":"Peng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.07.053","article-title":"Classification, processing and application of hydrogels: a review","volume":"57","author":"Ullah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9681","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c02897","article-title":"Hydrogels for flexible electronics","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav9750","article-title":"Multivascular networks and functional intravascular topologies within biocompatible hydrogels","volume":"364","author":"Grigoryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202009432","article-title":"Recent advances in design of functional biocompatible hydrogels for bone tissue engineering","volume":"31","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.10.021","article-title":"Hydrogel based soft tissue expanders for orodental reconstruction","volume":"172","author":"Selvaprithiviraj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202410661","article-title":"Engineered shape-morphing transitions in hydrogels through suspension bath printing of temperature-responsive granular hydrogel inks","volume":"36","author":"Nakamura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-2221-1","article-title":"Thermo-responsive and shape-adaptive hydrogel actuators from fundamentals to applications","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1039\/b917211d","article-title":"A theory of constrained swelling of a pH-sensitive hydrogel","volume":"6","author":"Marcombe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(94)90079-5","article-title":"Injectable collagen as a pH-sensitive hydrogel","volume":"15","author":"Rosenblatt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202107404","article-title":"An anti-swellable hydrogel strain sensor for underwater motion detection","volume":"32","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2024.110130","article-title":"Bionic light-responsive hydrogel actuators with multiple-freedom motions in water environments","volume":"130","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2024.08.007","article-title":"Ionic fuel-powered hydrogel actuators for soft robotics","volume":"677","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20817","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c12200","article-title":"Hydrogels in soft robotics: past, present, and future","volume":"18","author":"L\u00f3pez-D\u00edaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1039\/C3BM60288E","article-title":"Smart hydrogels as functional biomimetic systems","volume":"2","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4555","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201203692","article-title":"Biomimetic hydrogel-based actuating systems","volume":"23","author":"Ionov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.201900135","article-title":"Hydrogel-based artificial muscles: overview and recent progress","volume":"2","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS00120A","article-title":"Biohybrid robotics with living cell actuation","volume":"49","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2018.107552","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V alloy: a review","volume":"164","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0200","article-title":"Mechanical and corrosion characterization of industrially treated 316L stainless steel surfaces","volume":"382","author":"Coelho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surf. Coa. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2020.106962","article-title":"A brief review of bio-inspired surface technology and application toward underwater drag reduction","volume":"199","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12183099","article-title":"Effect of texturing environment on wetting of biomimetic superhydrophobic surfaces designed by femtosecond laser texturing","volume":"12","author":"Basset","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7934","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64345-1","article-title":"Biomimetic coating-free superomniphobicity","volume":"10","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/S1672-6529(14)60149-9","article-title":"Microstructures and properties of NiCrBSi\/WC biomimetic coatings prepared by plasma spray welding","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bionic Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2023.08.019","article-title":"Antifouling applications and fabrications of biomimetic micro-structured surfaces: a review","volume":"59","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144469","article-title":"Biomimetic surface coatings for marine antifouling: natural antifoulants, synthetic polymers and surface microtopography","volume":"766","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings14091227","article-title":"Research progress of marine anti-fouling coatings","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/ad5c25","article-title":"Characterization of shark skin properties and biomimetic replication","volume":"19","author":"Baeten","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0209","article-title":"Nature\u2019s blueprint in bioinspired materials for robotics","volume":"34","author":"Roh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.117069","article-title":"Design and motion characteristics analysis of underwater biomimetic jellyfish based on shape memory alloy springs","volume":"297","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4043101","article-title":"Robotic fish propelled by a servo motor and ionic polymer-metal composite hybrid tail","volume":"141","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0212","author":"Yeom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0213","series-title":"2016 IEEE\/RSJ Int. Conf. Intell. Robot. Syst.","first-page":"4957","article-title":"Biomimetic underwater robots based on dielectric elastomer actuators","author":"Shintake","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6857","DOI":"10.1039\/D2SM00876A","article-title":"Three-dimensional thermochromic liquid crystal elastomer structures with reversible shape-morphing and color-changing capabilities for soft robotics","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0215","article-title":"A fish-like underwater miniature robot capable of high-speed and controllable locomotion","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0216","series-title":"2018 37th Chinese Control Conf.","first-page":"5358","article-title":"Development of a soft robotic fish with BCF propulsion using MFC smart materials","author":"Chen","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0217","article-title":"Biomimetic anti-adhesive surface micro-structures of electrosurgical knife fabricated by fibre laser","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Laser Micro\/Nanoeng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2023.123335","article-title":"Recent advancements in the use of novel piezoelectric materials for piezocatalytic and piezo-photocatalytic applications","volume":"341","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202300299","article-title":"Recent advances on underwater soft robots","volume":"6","author":"Qu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3390\/polym2030120","article-title":"Review on the functional determinants and durability of shape memory polymers","volume":"2","author":"Pretsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.35848\/1347-4065\/ab8e08","article-title":"Novel electro-active shape memory polymers for soft actuators","volume":"59","author":"An","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/19\/6\/065014","article-title":"Sensing and actuating capabilities of a shape memory polymer composite integrated with hybrid filler","volume":"19","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201200097","article-title":"Recent insights into the biomedical applications of shape-memory polymers","volume":"12","author":"Serrano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7160","DOI":"10.3390\/app10207160","article-title":"Soft underwater robot actuated by shape-memory alloys \u201cjellyrobcib\u201d for path tracking through fuzzy visual control","volume":"10","author":"Cruz Ulloa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2020.108133","article-title":"A shape-memory soft actuator integrated with reversible electric\/moisture actuating and strain sensing","volume":"193","author":"Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/ab6fe8","article-title":"Basic design of a biomimetic underwater soft robot with switchable swimming modes and programmable artificial muscles","volume":"29","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2016.2610118","article-title":"Nonautoregressive nonlinear identification of IPMC in large deformation situations using generalized Volterra-based approach","volume":"65","author":"Annabestani","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0228","article-title":"Current research status of ionic polymer\u2013metal composites in applications of low-voltage actuators","author":"Lai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202300568","article-title":"Application-oriented modeling of soft actuator ionic polymer\u2013metal composites: a review","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2009.2030887","article-title":"Free-locomotion of underwater vehicles actuated by ionic polymer metal composites","volume":"15","author":"Aureli","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s42235-020-0022-7","article-title":"Motion control of capsule-like underwater robot utilizing the swing properties of ionic polymer metal composite actuators","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bionic Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/22\/7\/075035","article-title":"Hydrodynamic performance of a biomimetic robotic swimmer actuated by ionic polymer\u2013metal composite","volume":"22","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0233","series-title":"Electroact. Polym. Actuators Devices 2011","first-page":"600","article-title":"Design and development of bio-inspired underwater jellyfish like robot using ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) actuators","author":"Akle","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(98)00120-4","article-title":"A novel micromachined pump based on thick-film piezoelectric actuation","volume":"70","author":"Koch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0235","first-page":"1","article-title":"Design of micropump with piezoelectric actuators","author":"Kondavitee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0236","first-page":"1939","article-title":"PZT and PVDF bimorph actuators","volume":"9","author":"Chilibon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/ab3c3a","article-title":"A novel piezoelectric actuated underwater robotic finger","volume":"28","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202200262","article-title":"A 5 cm-scale piezoelectric jetting agile underwater robot","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0239","series-title":"2013 First RSI\/ISM Int. Conf. Robot. Mechatronics, IEEE","first-page":"437","article-title":"Dynamics model and control of underwater fish-like micro mobile robot with PZT actuator","author":"Farahani","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1007\/s12541-012-0171-7","article-title":"Review of biomimetic underwater robots using smart actuators","volume":"13","author":"Chu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-018-0024-1","article-title":"Untethered soft robotics","volume":"1","author":"Rich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/25\/8\/085026","article-title":"Soft and smart modular structures actuated by shape memory alloy (SMA) wires as tentacles of soft robots","volume":"25","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/jmbm-2018-0009","article-title":"NiTi shape memory alloy: physical and tribological characterization","volume":"27","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202101153","article-title":"Shape memory alloy-based soft amphibious robot capable of seal-inspired locomotion","volume":"7","author":"Hwang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/ac03bc","article-title":"Shape memory alloy-driven undulatory locomotion of a soft biomimetic ray robot","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s41315-023-00291-1","article-title":"Bio-inspired soft jellyfish robot: a novel polyimide-based structure actuated by shape memory alloy","volume":"7","author":"Muralidharan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Robot. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.117005","article-title":"Design and analysis of a shape memory alloy buoyancy actuator","volume":"296","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/asia.202300340","article-title":"Thermal-responsive liquid crystal elastomer foam-based compressible and omnidirectional gripper","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Asian J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202103806","article-title":"Liquid crystal elastomers with enhanced directional actuation to electric fields","volume":"33","author":"Fowler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17433","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c01140","article-title":"Controlling self-oscillation of a single-layer liquid crystal elastomer at the air\u2013water interface via light programming for water strider-inspired aquatic robots","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202508694","article-title":"State of the art, insights and perspectives for bio-inspired liquid crystal elastomer soft actuators","volume":"37","author":"Zang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0252","article-title":"Azobenzene-functionalized semicrystalline liquid crystal elastomer springs for underwater soft robotic actuators","volume":"21","author":"Seo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202000282","article-title":"Review of dielectric elastomer actuators and their applications in soft robots","volume":"3","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48243-y","article-title":"A large-strain and ultrahigh energy density dielectric elastomer for fast moving soft robot","volume":"15","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26797","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c04700","article-title":"Self-perceptional soft robotics by a dielectric elastomer","volume":"16","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2017.0062","article-title":"Soft biomimetic fish robot made of dielectric elastomer actuators","volume":"5","author":"Shintake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soft Robot"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202000713","article-title":"A review of shape memory polymers and composites: mechanisms, materials, and applications","volume":"33","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616377114","article-title":"High thermal conductivity in soft elastomers with elongated liquid metal inclusions","volume":"114","author":"Bartlett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201900071","article-title":"4D printing of shape-memory hydrogels for soft-robotic functions","volume":"4","author":"Shiblee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17414","article-title":"Miniaturized swimming soft robot with complex movement actuated and controlled by remote light signals","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0261","series-title":"Las Vegas\u2009ProQuest Dissertations & Theses","article-title":"Theoretical and experimental investigation on the multiple shape memory ionic polymer-metal composite actuator","author":"Shen","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics8030056","article-title":"FludoJelly: experimental study on jellyfish-like soft robot enabled by soft pneumatic composite (SPC)","volume":"8","author":"Joshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Robotics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0263","article-title":"Jellyfish-inspired soft robot driven by pneumatic bistable actuators","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soft Robot"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0264","article-title":"Active control of structures using macro-fiber composite (MFC)","author":"Kovalovs","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0265","series-title":"IFToMM World Congr. Mech. Mach. Sci.","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-45705-0_1","article-title":"Dynamic model of a macro fiber composite-actuated bio-inspired robotic system","author":"da Silva","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0266","series-title":"Robot Fish Bio-Inspired Fishlike Underw. Robot.","first-page":"255","article-title":"Macro-fiber composite actuated piezoelectric robotic fish","author":"Erturk","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.116807","article-title":"Experimental and theoretical study on underwater biomimetic propulsion using piezoelectric actuation","volume":"295","author":"Bhamra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0268","first-page":"1","article-title":"Kinematic analysis and advanced control of a vectored thruster based on 3RRUR parallel manipulator for micro-size AUVs","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Robotica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0269","article-title":"Jet propeller design and impeller modification of underwater spherical robot","volume":"6","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Front. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmachtheory.2008.11.009","article-title":"Modelling and parametric study of modular undulating fin rays for fish robots","volume":"44","author":"Low","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mech. Mach. Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0271","series-title":"2010 IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Autom.","first-page":"3751","article-title":"Design and evaluation of a fin-based underwater propulsion system","author":"Peter","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.118813","article-title":"A new strategy optimisation method for underwater flapping foil propulsion based on Twin-Delayed Deep Deterministic and Gaussian process regression","volume":"311","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9100581","article-title":"A novel aerial-aquatic unmanned vehicle using flapping wings for underwater propulsion","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomimetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.119075","article-title":"Bionic parallel undulating fins: influence of unsteady coupling effect on robot propulsion performance","volume":"312","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0275","series-title":"2024 IEEE Int. Conf. Mechatronics Autom","first-page":"668","article-title":"Design and control of an ellipsoidal underwater robot driven by four-vector propellers","author":"Nie","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0276","first-page":"103","article-title":"Experimental assessment of entanglement for a propeller driven unmanned underwater vehicle","volume":"133","author":"Irgens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nav. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0277","series-title":"2017 IEEE Int. Conf. Mechatronics Autom","first-page":"387","article-title":"A hybrid propulsion device for the spherical underwater robot (SUR III)","author":"Gu","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0278","series-title":"2010 IEEE Conf. Robot. Autom. Mechatronics","first-page":"435","article-title":"Propulsion systems for micro-autonomous underwater vehicles (\u03bcAUVs)","author":"Watson","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2021.102528","article-title":"Hydrodynamic analysis and motion simulation of fin and propeller driven manta ray robot","volume":"108","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Ocean Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-012-9651-3","article-title":"Development of a spherical underwater robot equipped with multiple vectored water-jet-based thrusters","volume":"67","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Intell. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020259","article-title":"Hydrodynamic analysis-based modeling and experimental verification of a new water-jet thruster for an amphibious spherical robot","volume":"19","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/abeb2f","article-title":"Design of cylindrical soft vacuum actuator for soft robots","volume":"30","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0283","article-title":"Leveraging monostable and bistable pre-curved bilayer actuators for high-performance multitask soft robots","volume":"5","author":"Chi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/aadcb3","article-title":"Thrust force characterization of free-swimming soft robotic jellyfish","volume":"13","author":"Frame","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0090094","article-title":"Dynamic analysis of the sinusoidal actuation of a flexible fin for paired fin propulsion","volume":"34","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0286","series-title":"18th Int. Symp. Unmanned Untethered Submers. Technol.","article-title":"Power and thrust comparison of bio-mimetic pectoral fins with traditional propeller-based thrusters","author":"Palmisano","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compfluid.2010.04.006","article-title":"Numerical investigation of angle of attack profile on propulsion performance of an oscillating foil","volume":"39","author":"Xiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-9746(02)00115-9","article-title":"Forces on oscillating foils for propulsion and maneuvering","volume":"17","author":"Read","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Fluids Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0289","series-title":"Exp. Robot. 14th Int. Symp. Exp. Robot.","first-page":"405","article-title":"Hydraulic autonomous soft robotic fish for 3D swimming","author":"Katzschmann","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2004.833126","article-title":"Design and projected performance of a flapping foil AUV","volume":"29","author":"Licht","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0291","unstructured":"Chi, Y., et al. \"Snapping for high-speed and high-efficient, butterfly swimming-like soft flapping-wing robot.\" arXiv preprint arXiv:2204.05987 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2204.05987."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3182\/9\/3\/036002","article-title":"Design of a variable-stiffness flapping mechanism for maximizing the thrust of a bio-inspired underwater robot","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4050258","article-title":"Experimental validation of a bio-inspired thruster","volume":"143","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.082743","article-title":"Biomimetic and bio-inspired robotics in electric fish research","volume":"216","author":"Neveln","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.117755","article-title":"Optimizing terrestrial locomotion of undulating-fin amphibious robots: asynchronous control and phase-difference optimization","volume":"303","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmachtheory.2008.08.013","article-title":"Biological inspirations, kinematics modeling, mechanism design and experiments on an undulating robotic fin inspired by Gymnarchus niloticus","volume":"44","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mech. Mach. Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2005.02.004","article-title":"Numerical flow and performance analysis of waterjet propulsion system","volume":"32","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0298","series-title":"Numerical Analysis of a Waterjet Propulsion System","author":"Bulten","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2514\/1.36055","article-title":"Optimization of propeller based propulsion system","volume":"46","author":"Gur","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Aircr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10121978","article-title":"Research on maneuverability prediction of double waterjet propulsion high speed planing craft","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0301","series-title":"Effectiveness of Waterjet Propulsors in Underwater Vehicle Propulsion","author":"Kaczmarczyk","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0302","series-title":"Marine Propulsion Decarbonization","first-page":"59","article-title":"Marine propulsion: present and future","author":"Marchitto","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse7070222","article-title":"Design and construction of a modular pump-jet thruster for autonomous surface vehicle operations in extremely shallow water","volume":"7","author":"Odetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-3584.1985.tb03398.x","article-title":"Hydrofoils","volume":"97","author":"Johnston","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nav. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2004.833219","article-title":"Morphology and experimental hydrodynamics of fish fin control surfaces","volume":"29","author":"Lauder","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0306","series-title":"Robotics and Power Measurements of the RoboTuna","author":"Tolkoff","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2004.09.015","article-title":"AmphiBot I: an amphibious snake-like robot","volume":"50","author":"Crespi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rob. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0308","series-title":"2011 Ieee Int. Conf. Robot. Biomimetics","first-page":"1730","article-title":"Improvement and testing of a robotic manta ray (RoMan-III)","author":"Low","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3134","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2023.3265585","article-title":"Design and implementation of a miniature jellyfish-inspired robot","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0310","series-title":"2024 IEEE\/RSJ Int. Conf. Intell. Robot. Syst.","first-page":"303","article-title":"An agile robotic penguin driven by submersible geared servomotors: various maneuvers by active feathering of the wings","author":"Shimooka","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0311","series-title":"Ocean. 2016 MTS\/IEEE Monterey","first-page":"1","article-title":"Swimming performance of a hybrid unmanned air-underwater vehicle","author":"Geder","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s10514-019-09895-8","article-title":"A highly stable and efficient spherical underwater robot with hybrid propulsion devices","volume":"44","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Auton. Robots"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10091327","article-title":"Design and control of an underwater robot based on hybrid propulsion of quadrotor and bionic undulating fin","volume":"10","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.20965\/ijat.2017.p0404","article-title":"UNIVPM BRAVe: a hybrid propulsion underwater research vehicle","volume":"11","author":"Scaradozzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Autom. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse11101934","article-title":"Dynamic modeling and robust trajectory tracking control of a hybrid propulsion-based small underwater robot","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.118936","article-title":"Performance analysis method on the ship with waterjet-propeller hybrid propulsion system: a case study in model scale","volume":"311","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2019.04.069","article-title":"Conceptual design of a hybrid propulsion underwater robotic vehicle with different propulsion systems for ocean observations","volume":"182","author":"Kadiyam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10070924","article-title":"A novel integrated gliding and flapping propulsion biomimetic manta-ray robot","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.07.303","article-title":"Design concepts for a hybrid swimming and walking vehicle","volume":"41","author":"Cubero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1687814019848556","article-title":"Design and control of hybrid underwater glider","volume":"11","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1142\/S2301385021410028","article-title":"Survey on the development of aerial\u2013aquatic hybrid vehicles","volume":"09","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Unmanned Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0322","unstructured":"SunPlower Propeller, GmbH, (n.d.). https:\/\/www.sunplower.de\/technology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1039\/D0SM01449D","article-title":"Magnetic propulsion of colloidal microrollers controlled by electrically modulated friction","volume":"17","author":"Demir\u00f6rs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.116985","article-title":"Hydrodynamic characterization of a hybrid propulsion blended-wing-body underwater glider","volume":"296","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2011.2132732","article-title":"On a bio-inspired amphibious robot capable of multimodal motion","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0327","article-title":"Simulation analysis and hydrodynamic performance optimization of small MHD thruster based on improved I-bridge structure","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0328","series-title":"Harnessing Magneto Hydrodynamic Propulsion: A Path Toward Sustainable Commercial Shipping","author":"Shameem","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aay2627","article-title":"Electronics-free pneumatic circuits for controlling soft-legged robots","volume":"6","author":"Drotman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202110384","article-title":"Bistable and multistable actuators for soft robots: structures, materials, and functionalities","volume":"34","author":"Chi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.device.2025.100800","article-title":"A standardized platform for translational advances in fluidic soft systems","volume":"3","author":"Gepner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Device"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wees.2025.08.001","article-title":"Self-healing materials for wearable electronics","volume":"2","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Wearable Electron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1039\/D5MH00236B","article-title":"Empowering artificial muscles with intelligence: recent advancements in materials, designs, and manufacturing","volume":"12","author":"Oh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Horizons"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0334","article-title":"A survey of the development of biomimetic intelligence and robotics","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomimet. Intell. Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202570027","article-title":"Monolithic desktop digital fabrication of autonomous walking robots","volume":"7","author":"Zhai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics10070470","article-title":"Underwater drag reduction applications and fabrication of bio-inspired surfaces: a review","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomimetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-025-00895-6","article-title":"Bio-inspired artificial hair flow sensors: a comprehensive review of design, fabrication, enhancements, and applications","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1023\/B:APPL.0000014923.28324.87","article-title":"Separation and turbulence control in biomimetic flows","volume":"71","author":"Techet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Flow Turbul. Combust."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3182\/9\/3\/036009","article-title":"Razor clam to RoboClam: burrowing drag reduction mechanisms and their robotic adaptation","volume":"9","author":"Winter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0340","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review of artificial lateral line in sensor fabrication and bionic applications for robot fish","volume":"2016","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Bionics Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/abb86d","article-title":"Tunabot Flex: a tuna-inspired robot with body flexibility improves high-performance swimming","volume":"16","author":"White","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A486","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.112-a486","article-title":"RoboLobsters: the beauty of biomimetics","volume":"112","author":"Hood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0343","series-title":"2013 IEEE Int. Conf. Technol. Homel. Secur.","first-page":"364","article-title":"BIOSwimmer: enabling technology for port security","author":"Conry","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0344","series-title":"Towar. Auton. Robot. Syst. 18th Annu. Conf. TAROS 2017, Guildford, UK, July 19\u201321, 2017, Proc.","first-page":"300","article-title":"aMussels: diving and anchoring in a new bio-inspired under-actuated robot class for long-term environmental exploration and monitoring","volume":"18","author":"Donati","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0349","series-title":"2012 IEEE\/RSJ Int. Conf. Intell. Robot. Syst.","first-page":"100","article-title":"Aquapod: a small amphibious robot with sampling capabilities","author":"Dhull","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0350","series-title":"Ocean. 2017-Aberdeen","first-page":"1","article-title":"Eelume: a flexible and subsea resident IMR vehicle","author":"Liljeb\u00e4ck","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71253","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3560507","article-title":"Raya: a bio-inspired AUV for inspection and intervention of underwater structures","volume":"13","author":"Pereira","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0345","series-title":"\u201cIdentification and evaluation of the Atlantic razor clam (Ensis directus) for biologically inspired subsea burrowing systems.\u201d","first-page":"151","author":"Winter","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0346","series-title":"The Indo-Pacific, IshConferenCe","first-page":"209","article-title":"Biology of the manta ray, Manta birostris Walbaum","author":"H\u00fcMMA","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0347","series-title":"2004 IEEE\/RSJ Int. Conf. Intell. Robot. Syst. (IROS)(IEEE Cat. No. 04CH37566)","first-page":"3525","article-title":"AQUA: an aquatic walking robot","author":"Georgiades","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0348","article-title":"New UAV can launch from underwater for aerial missions","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"New UAV Can Launch from Underw. Aer. Mission. Np, Nd Web"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2015.2458173","article-title":"Autonomous sampling of water columns using gliding robotic fish: algorithms and harmful-algae-sampling experiments","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0353","unstructured":"Grant-No. 3. NEREID UNDER ICE HYBRID AUV-ROV OPERATIONS, Polarstern 13 (n.d.)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4564","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2020.3001534","article-title":"Medusa: a multi-environment dual-robot for underwater sample acquisition","volume":"5","author":"Debruyn","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0355","series-title":"2015-MTS\/IEEE","first-page":"1","article-title":"Experience on underwater artefact search using underwater walking robot Crabster CR200, Ocean","author":"Jun","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0356","series-title":"2024 Int. Conf. Manip. Autom. Robot. Small Scales","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fin-wave-inspired wireless small-scale soft robot for adaptive amphibious locomotion under single-mode magnetic field","author":"Wang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0357","series-title":"Adv. Mech. Mach. Sci. Proc. 15th IFToMM World Congr. Mech. Mach. Sci.","first-page":"1373","article-title":"Design and experiment of the underwater robotic fish for petroleum pipeline inspection system","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0358","series-title":"Offshore Technol. Conf., OTC","article-title":"Rob##ction","author":"Wu","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s11370-011-0096-5","article-title":"Applications of marine robotic vehicles","volume":"4","author":"Yuh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intell. Serv. Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0360","series-title":"Near Real-Time Data Extraction and Georeferencing of the Eelume Robot\u2019s Point Cloud, with Publishing to Custom User Applications","author":"Fink","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3182\/1\/1\/003","article-title":"Four flippers or two? Tetrapodal swimming with an aquatic robot","volume":"1","author":"Long","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/10\/3\/035005","article-title":"Octopus-inspired multi-arm robotic swimming","volume":"10","author":"Sfakiotakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0363","series-title":"ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition","first-page":"817","article-title":"Bio-inspired robotic cownose ray propelled by electroactive polymer pectoral fin","author":"Chen","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aax4615","article-title":"Tuna robotics: a high-frequency experimental platform exploring the performance space of swimming fishes","volume":"4","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10060773","article-title":"Recent progress in modeling and control of bio-inspired fish robots","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/aa61c3","article-title":"A bio-inspired electrocommunication system for small underwater robots","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.4031\/MTSJ.45.4.10","article-title":"Batoid fishes: inspiration for the next generation of underwater robots","volume":"45","author":"Moored","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Technol. Soc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11182","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201813402","article-title":"Bio-inspired design and additive manufacturing of soft materials, machines, robots, and haptic interfaces","volume":"58","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angew. Chemie Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202400699","article-title":"Advances in 3D and 4D printing of soft robotics and their applications","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0370","article-title":"Multi-material additive manufacturing of soft robotic systems: a comprehensive review","author":"Raj","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Robot. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2023.102978","article-title":"Sensor integration into microfluidic systems: trends and challenges","volume":"83","author":"Buttkewitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2020.0137","article-title":"Monolithic three-dimensional functionally graded hydrogels for bioinspired soft robots fabrication","volume":"9","author":"Piazzoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soft Robot"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0472","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse13091805","article-title":"Variable-stiffness underwater robotic systems: a review","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0473","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.70470\/KHWARIZMIA\/2023\/005","article-title":"Design and fabrication of bio-inspired robotic systems for developed mobility and functionality in unstructured environments","volume":"2023","author":"Abdulbaqi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Khwarizmia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0474","first-page":"141","article-title":"Water-based robotic fabrication: large-scale additive manufacturing of functionally graded hydrogel composites via multichamber extrusion, 3D Print","volume":"1","author":"Mogas-Soldevila","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/ac10b0","article-title":"Design and experimental evaluation of the novel undulatory propulsors for biomimetic underwater robots","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0476","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics8070545","article-title":"Performance optimization for bionic robotic dolphin with active variable stiffness control","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomimetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0477","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4286","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2019.2933397","article-title":"Bio-inspired approach for long-range underwater navigation using model predictive control","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0478","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6627","DOI":"10.3390\/s25216627","article-title":"Marine-inspired multimodal sensor fusion and neuromorphic processing for autonomous navigation in unstructured subaquatic environments","volume":"25","author":"Sheikder","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0479","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7490","DOI":"10.3390\/s24237490","article-title":"Advancements in sensor fusion for underwater SLAM: a review on enhanced navigation and environmental perception","volume":"24","author":"Merveille","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202301005","article-title":"A highly robust amphibious soft robot with imperceptibility based on a water-stable and self-healing ionic conductor","volume":"35","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202070060","article-title":"Modular soft robotics: modular units, connection mechanisms, and applications","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0482","series-title":"Electroactive Polymers for Robotic Applications: Artificial Muscles and Sensors","author":"Kim","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0483","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2022.111757","article-title":"Study of pressure-balanced oil-filled (PBOF) technology","volume":"260","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0373","article-title":"Improving the adaptability of simulated evolutionary swarm robots in dynamically changing environments","volume":"9","author":"Yao","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91587","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2992794","article-title":"Bio-inspired adaptive locomotion control system for online adaptation of a walking robot on complex terrains","volume":"8","author":"Ngamkajornwiwat","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2020.00064","article-title":"Bioinspired design and control of robots with intrinsic compliance","volume":"14","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurorobot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0376","article-title":"Oceanic challenges to technological solutions: a review of autonomous underwater vehicle path technologies in biomimicry, control, navigation and sensing","author":"Hasan","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechatronics.2018.09.006","article-title":"Model-based open loop control of a multigait legged underwater robot","volume":"55","author":"Picardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mechatronics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s42235-021-0008-0","article-title":"Bioinspired closed-loop CPG-based control of a robot fish for obstacle avoidance and direction tracking","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bionic Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.117400","article-title":"Research on underwater motion modeling and closed-loop control of bionic undulating fin robot","volume":"299","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2013.08.017","article-title":"The bio-inspired model based hybrid sliding-mode tracking control for unmanned underwater vehicles","volume":"26","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4031\/MTSJ.48.4.5","article-title":"Model-based control of a BCF mode carangiform bioinspired robotic fish","volume":"48","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Technol. Soc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0382","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2020.12.2247","article-title":"Energy saving control of bionic robotic fish based on model-free adaptive control","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0383","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2023.116068","article-title":"Hydrodynamic performance of a biomimetic undulating fin robot under different water conditions","volume":"288","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1089\/soro.2022.0051","article-title":"Bioinspired 3d-printed snakeskins enable effective serpentine locomotion of a soft robotic snake","volume":"10","author":"Qi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soft Robot"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0385","first-page":"173","article-title":"Computer vision applications in underwater robotics and oceanography","author":"Islam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Challenges, Trends, Oppor."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0386","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202412252","article-title":"Inspiration from visual ecology for advancing multifunctional robotic vision systems: bio-inspired electronic eyes and neuromorphic image sensors","volume":"36","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0387","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28549","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3324438","article-title":"Deep learning algorithms for sonar imagery analysis and its application in aquaculture: a review","volume":"23","author":"Chai","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0388","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31957","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-16757-0","article-title":"An imaging algorithm for high-resolution imaging sonar system","volume":"83","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0389","article-title":"Deep adaptive control: deep reinforcement learning-based adaptive vehicle trajectory control algorithms for different risk levels","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2023.114451","article-title":"An adaptive neural network with nonlinear FOPID design of underwater robotic vehicle in the presence of disturbances, uncertainty, and obstacles","volume":"279","author":"Hasan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse11101946","article-title":"Research on L 1 adaptive control of autonomous underwater vehicles with X-rudder","volume":"11","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0392","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/su152014691","article-title":"A review of the various control algorithms for trajectory control of unmanned underwater vehicles","volume":"15","author":"Bashir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0393","article-title":"Intelligent path planning algorithm of autonomous underwater vehicle based on vision under ocean current","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0394","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24894","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3249966","article-title":"An overview of machine learning techniques in local path planning for autonomous underwater vehicles","volume":"11","author":"Okereke","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0395","article-title":"Efficient coverage path planning and underwater topographic mapping of an USV based on A*-Improved bio-inspired neural network","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0396","article-title":"Graph-based robot optimal path planning with bio-inspired algorithms","volume":"3","author":"Lei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomim. Intell. Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0397","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17298806241233909","article-title":"A planning method for chemical plume tracking and source localization with autonomous underwater vehicle","volume":"21","author":"Jiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0398","author":"Gunnarson"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0399","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.3390\/s24072309","article-title":"Robotic odor source localization via vision and olfaction fusion navigation algorithm","volume":"24","author":"Hassan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2023.0357","article-title":"The role of hydrodynamics in collective motions of fish schools and bioinspired underwater robots","volume":"20","author":"Ko","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51982","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3385435","article-title":"On-device intelligence for AI-enabled bio-inspired autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs)","volume":"12","author":"Anand","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0402","series-title":"Evolution of Yolo Algorithm and Yolov5: The State-of-the-Art Object Detention Algorithm","author":"Thuan","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0403","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9070434","article-title":"Insights into flexible bioinspired fins for unmanned underwater vehicle systems through deep learning","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomimetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0404","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2022.1065256","article-title":"A robust zeroing neural network and its applications to dynamic complex matrix equation solving and robotic manipulator trajectory tracking","volume":"16","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurorobot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3957","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263574724001760","article-title":"Robust approximate constraint following control design for collaborative robots system and experimental validation","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Robotica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0406","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3390\/fi16070239","article-title":"TWIN-ADAPT: continuous learning for digital twin-enabled online anomaly classification in IoT-driven smart labs","volume":"16","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Futur. Internet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0407","series-title":"2023 IEEE\/ASME Int. Conf. Adv. Intell. Mechatronics","first-page":"930","article-title":"Bio-mimetic autonomous underwater vehicle control using time delayed estimation technique","author":"Algethami","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0408","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.117634","article-title":"Multi-AUV cooperative control and autonomous obstacle avoidance study","volume":"304","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0409","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.119111","article-title":"Adaptive energy-efficient reinforcement learning for AUV 3D motion planning in complex underwater environments","volume":"312","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.107728","article-title":"Adversarial deep reinforcement learning based robust depth tracking control for underactuated autonomous underwater vehicle","volume":"130","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3390\/drones8020045","article-title":"Adaptive AUV mission control system tested in the waters of baffin bay","volume":"8","author":"Hwang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drones"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0412","article-title":"Sim-to-real transfer of adaptive control parameters for AUV stabilisation under current disturbance","author":"Chaffre","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Rob. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0413","article-title":"Saturation-based adaptive tracking control of underwater vehicles: from theoretical design to real-time experiments","author":"Tijjani","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0414","article-title":"Research on control strategy of pneumatic soft bionic robot based on improved CPG","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5396","DOI":"10.3390\/s24165396","article-title":"An integrated navigation method aided by position correction model and velocity model for AUVs","volume":"24","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3390\/drones8090441","article-title":"Integration of deep sequence learning-based virtual GPS model and EKF for AUV navigation","volume":"8","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drones"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2024.103897","article-title":"Bearing, elevation, and depth difference passive inverted acoustic navigation for an AUV fleet","volume":"144","author":"Sekimori","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Ocean Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0418","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2024.114808","article-title":"Research on propagation mechanism for gyro installation error of dual-axis rotational inertial navigation system in UAV coordinated U-turn","volume":"234","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0419","series-title":"2024 IEEE 7th Int. Conf. Multimed. Inf. Process. Retr","first-page":"495","article-title":"Attenuation-aware weighted optical flow with medium transmission map for learning-based visual odometry in underwater terrain","author":"Bach","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0420","article-title":"Hybrid-VINS: underwater tightly coupled hybrid visual inertial dense SLAM for AUV","author":"Ou","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0421","series-title":"2009 Int. Conf. Signal Acquis. Process","first-page":"98","article-title":"SONAR based obstacle detection and avoidance algorithm","author":"Ansari","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9198","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2022.3156907","article-title":"Research on obstacle detection and avoidance of autonomous underwater vehicle based on forward-looking sonar","volume":"34","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0423","first-page":"83","article-title":"Vision based obstacle avoidance techniques","author":"Guzel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Recent Adv. Mob. Robot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0424","series-title":"2007 IEEE Symp. Comput. Intell. Multi-Criteria Decis","first-page":"10","article-title":"UAV swarm mission planning and routing using multi-objective evolutionary algorithms","author":"Lamont","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0425","article-title":"State of the art and current trends on the metal corrosion and protection strategies in deep sea","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0426","first-page":"129","article-title":"3D Printing techniques: transforming manufacturing with precision and sustainability","volume":"3","author":"Lodhi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Multidiscip. Sci. Arts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0427","series-title":"Fostering Cross-Industry Sustainability With Intelligent Technologies","first-page":"499","article-title":"A comprehensive review on additive manufacturing and its applications in biomimetics","author":"Mohamed","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-024-06118-3","article-title":"Recent progress in aqueous underwater power batteries","volume":"6","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11867","DOI":"10.1080\/15567036.2020.1795313","article-title":"Reviews of fuel cells and energy storage systems for unmanned undersea vehicles","volume":"46","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Sources Part A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0430","series-title":"SoutheastCon 2024","first-page":"1490","article-title":"Exploring the feasibility of solar-powered autonomous underwater survey vehicles for extended underwater exploration","author":"Bounyasith","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0431","series-title":"2024 6th Glob. Power, Energy Commun. Conf.","first-page":"350","article-title":"Solar-powered ROV: advancing underwater exploration with renewable energy","author":"Lawal","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0432","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2024.131660","article-title":"Predictive model using artificial neural network to design phase change material-based ocean thermal energy harvesting systems for powering uncrewed underwater vehicles","volume":"301","author":"Ouro-Koura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0433","article-title":"Energy-Aware path planning by autonomous underwater vehicle in underwater wireless sensor networks for safer maritime transportation","volume":"8","author":"Acarer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Inter. Multimedia Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0434","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.117154","article-title":"A review of underwater docking and charging technology for autonomous vehicles","volume":"297","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14460","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1508522112","article-title":"Smart nanosystems: bio-inspired technologies that interact with the host environment","volume":"112","author":"Kwon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0436","first-page":"217","article-title":"Aquascaping: concept and development of underwater ecosystems","volume":"56","author":"Buta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Artic. USAMV Iasi-Horticulture Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0437","series-title":"Anatomy of Dolphins: Insights into Body Structure and Function","author":"Cozzi","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0438","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fluid.32.1.33","article-title":"Hydrodynamics of fishlike swimming","volume":"32","author":"Triantafyllou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0439","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10514-009-9117-z","article-title":"Maneuvering and control of a biomimetic autonomous underwater vehicle","volume":"26","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Auton. Robots"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0440","series-title":"Architecture Follows Nature-Biomimetic Principles for Innovative Design","author":"Mazzoleni","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0441","series-title":"2008 IEEE\/ASME Int. Conf. Adv. Intell. Mechatronics","first-page":"25","article-title":"Design and realization of a remote control centimeter-scale robotic fish","author":"Ye","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0442","series-title":"Elements of Physical Oceanography: A Derivative of the Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences","first-page":"197","article-title":"Vehicles for deep sea exploration","author":"Humphris","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0443","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning for swarm systems","volume":"20","author":"H\u00fcttenrauch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0444","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/fog.12619","article-title":"Modern technologies and integrated observing systems are \u201cinstrumental\u201d to fisheries oceanography: a brief history of ocean data collection","volume":"32","author":"Schwing","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fish. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0445","series-title":"Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, Volume 62","author":"Todd","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0446","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"071","DOI":"10.53022\/oarjst.2024.10.2.0052","article-title":"Emerging underwater survey technologies: a review and future outlook","volume":"10","author":"Igbinenikaro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Access Res. J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0447","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-8890(91)90039-N","article-title":"Optical sensing for undersea robotic vehicles","volume":"7","author":"Negahdaripour","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rob. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0448","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31525","DOI":"10.3390\/s151229864","article-title":"Optical sensors and methods for underwater 3D reconstruction","volume":"15","author":"Massot-Campos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0449","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2021.112790","article-title":"Hydrophones, fundamental features, design considerations, and various structures: a review","volume":"329","author":"Saheban","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuat. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0450","series-title":"2011 IEEE\/RSJ Int. Conf. Intell. Robot. Syst.","first-page":"4722","article-title":"Toward automatic classification of chemical sensor data from autonomous underwater vehicles","author":"Jakuba","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.09.038","article-title":"based chemical and biological sensors: engineering aspects","volume":"77","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0452","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2012.04.006","article-title":"Vision-based object detection and tracking for autonomous navigation of underwater robots","volume":"48","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0453","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2005.01.004","article-title":"Underwater acoustic sensor networks: research challenges","volume":"3","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0454","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.3390\/s20123432","article-title":"Real-time water quality monitoring with chemical sensors","volume":"20","author":"Yaroshenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.2c00242","article-title":"Robust dual optical sensor for pH and dissolved oxygen","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0456","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1021\/cr050354e","article-title":"Chemical sensor networks for the aquatic environment","volume":"107","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0457","series-title":"Aquananotechnology","first-page":"105","article-title":"Water pollutants and nanosensors","author":"Mustafa","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0458","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2016.00187","article-title":"High frequency non-invasive (HFNI) bio-sensors as a potential tool for marine monitoring and assessments","volume":"3","author":"Andrade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0459","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113049","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3440064","article-title":"Exploring deep learning-based visual localization techniques for UAVs in GPS-denied environments","volume":"12","author":"Al-Jarrah","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3737","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3145095","article-title":"A novel adaptive filtering for cooperative localization under compass failure and non-gaussian noise","volume":"71","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2024.3360442","article-title":"Uncertainty-aware autonomous robot exploration using confidence-rich localization and mapping","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0462","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.118540","article-title":"Vibration suppression of power cabin for underwater vehicle based on mechanical metamaterial flanges","volume":"310","author":"Zhuang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0463","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.3390\/app14031057","article-title":"Fatigue performance analysis of an underwater vehicle rudder mechanism considering arctic low temperatures","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0464","first-page":"19","article-title":"Marine fouling: an overview","volume":"9","author":"Bressy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ocean Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0465","series-title":"Offshore Technol. Conf., OTC","first-page":"OTC","article-title":"Mechanically energized sealing systems for underwater pipeline applications","author":"Decker","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0466","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2017.2745598","article-title":"Review of electrical connectors for underwater applications","volume":"43","author":"R\u00e9mouit","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0467","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse7110382","article-title":"Pressure hull design methods for unmanned underwater vehicles","volume":"7","author":"Meschini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0468","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4028\/p-634sdI","article-title":"Corrosion control and its application in marine environment-a review","volume":"355","author":"Lawal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Solid State Phenom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0469","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2024.118132","article-title":"Impact resistance of assembled plate-lattice auxetic structures","volume":"338","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0470","first-page":"166","article-title":"Anti-fouling coatings for blood-contacting devices","volume":"5","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.118327","article-title":"Design, modeling and optimization of an adhesively bonded ring joint with U-section for ceramic cylindrical pressure hull of deep-sea underwater vehicles","volume":"309","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0484","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse12101748","article-title":"Research on the identification and classification of marine debris based on improved YOLOv8","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/JSENDH.STENG-13476","article-title":"Data-driven fatigue reliability evaluation of offshore wind turbines under floating ice loading","volume":"150","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0486","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s11802-025-5853-8","article-title":"Numerical modeling of submarine landslide motion and impact behavior based on the SPH method","volume":"24","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ocean Univ. China"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0487","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1007\/s11802-025-6029-2","article-title":"YOLO-DBS: efficient target detection in complex underwater scene images based on improved YOLOv8","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ocean Univ. China"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0488","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2022.166219","article-title":"Magnetic soft robots: design, actuation, and function","volume":"922","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0489","article-title":"Magnetically switchable adhesive millirobots for universal manipulation in both air and water","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1007\/s42235-025-00700-0","article-title":"Sea turtle-inspired magnetic soft robot demonstrates versatile land-to-submerged locomotion","volume":"22","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Bionic Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551_bib0491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/s44287-024-00081-2","article-title":"Bioinspired electronics for intelligent soft robots","volume":"1","author":"Bang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Electr. Eng."}],"container-title":["Robotics and Autonomous Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S092188902600223X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S092188902600223X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:50:42Z","timestamp":1783079442000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S092188902600223X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":490,"alternative-id":["S092188902600223X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551","relation":{},"ISSN":["0921-8890"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0921-8890","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Bioinspired underwater robotics: Advances across the materials, design, control, and applications","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Robotics and Autonomous Systems","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105551","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105551"}}