{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T13:53:12Z","timestamp":1782481992580,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010950","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Robotics and Autonomous Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T11:34:23Z","timestamp":1782214463000},"page":"105579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["An ant colony-simulated annealing co-evolutionary algorithm for underwater vehicle routing problem"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"204","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7822-3616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinsi","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingju","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yichen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanghua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0001","first-page":"1539","article-title":"Particle swarm optimization: advances, applications, and experimental insights","volume":"82","author":"Abualigah","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Optim. Theory. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2024.110747","article-title":"A comparison of reinforcement learning policies for dynamic vehicle routing problems with stochastic customer requests","volume":"200","author":"Akkerman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2019.105728","article-title":"An improved hybrid firefly algorithm for capacitated vehicle routing problem","volume":"84","author":"Altabeeb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Soft. Comput. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0004","first-page":"26","article-title":"Electric vehicle routing problem with machine learning for energy prediction","volume":"146","author":"Basso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. B"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plrev.2005.10.001","article-title":"Ant colony optimization: introduction and recent trends","volume":"2","author":"Blum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Life Rev."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8745","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-022-07198-2","article-title":"A dynamic space reduction ant colony optimization for capacitated vehicle routing problem","volume":"26","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soft. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.125996","article-title":"A new branch-and-benders-cut algorithm for the time-dependent vehicle routing problem","volume":"265","author":"Castellucci","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert. Syst. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0008","article-title":"A novel behavioral penalty function for interval goal programming with post-optimality analysis","volume":"12","author":"Cherif","year":"2024","journal-title":"Decis. Anal. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.120139","article-title":"Adaptive reward shaping based reinforcement learning for docking control of autonomous underwater vehicles","volume":"318","author":"Chu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0010","article-title":"Intervention schedule optimization with travel time minimization for a value-added reseller by solving the capacitated vehicle routing problem","volume":"14","author":"De Kuyffer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clean Logist. Supply Chain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(90)90001-R","article-title":"Simulated annealing: a tool for operational research","volume":"46","author":"Eglese","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejtl.2025.100154","article-title":"The commodity constrained split delivery vehicle routing problem considering carbon emission: formulations and a branch-and-cut method","volume":"14","author":"Ferreira","year":"2025","journal-title":"EURO J. Transp. Logist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2024.106787","article-title":"A scalable learning approach for the capacitated vehicle routing problem","volume":"171","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.126961","article-title":"Synergetic attention-driven transformer: a deep reinforcement learning approach for vehicle routing problems","volume":"274","author":"Guan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert. Syst. Appl."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2025.01.015","article-title":"Formulations and branch-and-cut algorithms for the period travelling salesman problem","volume":"323","author":"Henriques","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0016","series-title":"Data Handling in Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0922-3487(03)23002-1","article-title":"Hybrid genetic algorithms","volume":"23","author":"Hibbert","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2024.106688","article-title":"An enhanced exact algorithm for the multi-trip vehicle routing problem with time windows and capacitated unloading station","volume":"168","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0018","article-title":"An intelligent deep learning based classification with vehicle routing technique for municipal solid waste management","volume":"18","author":"Ishaque","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0019","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning for dynamic vehicle routing with demand and traffic uncertainty","volume":"15","author":"Kadyrov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oper. Res. Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2025.107029","article-title":"Using machine learning to identify hidden constraints in vehicle routing problems","volume":"179","author":"Konovalenko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse12111896","article-title":"A balanced mission planning for multiple unmanned underwater vehicles in complex marine environments","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2024.101529","article-title":"Handling dynamic capacitated vehicle routing problems based on adaptive genetic algorithm with elastic strategy","volume":"86","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Swarm. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2024.110666","article-title":"Improved multiple penalty mechanism based loss function for more realistic aeroengine RUL advanced prediction","volume":"255","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2024.03.030","article-title":"Biased random-key genetic algorithms: a review","volume":"321","author":"Londe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2025.107007","article-title":"An exact branch-price-and-cut algorithm for the time-dependent cold chain pickup and delivery problem with incompatibility constraints","volume":"178","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2023.116216","article-title":"Distributed task allocation and mission planning of AUVs for persistent underwater ecological monitoring and preservation","volume":"290","author":"MahmoudZadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2009.03.007","article-title":"Economic dispatch using particle swarm optimization: a review","volume":"13","author":"Mahor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2025.112916","article-title":"Machine-learning component for multi-start metaheuristics to solve the capacitated vehicle routing problem","volume":"173","author":"Mesa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Soft. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Movahedkor N., Shahbazian R. and Guerriero F., (2026). Hybrid knowledge-guided reinforcement learning with adaptive variable neighborhood search for dynamic multi-depot electric vehicle routing problems, 321, 132238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132238.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2026.132238"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2009.01.020","article-title":"A review of ant algorithms","volume":"36","author":"Mullen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert. Syst. Appl."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2023.12.019","article-title":"An exact algorithm for maximum electric vehicle flow coverage problem with heterogeneous chargers, nonlinear charging time and route deviations","volume":"315","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2024.124197","article-title":"A new hyper-heuristic based on adaptive simulated annealing and reinforcement learning for the capacitated electric vehicle routing problem","volume":"252","author":"Rodriguez-Esparza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert. Syst. Appl."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2025.07.027","article-title":"Exact solution approaches for the traveling salesman problem with a drone station","volume":"328","author":"Shi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2024.111295","article-title":"Dynamic task allocation in multi autonomous underwater vehicle confrontational games with multi-objective evaluation model and particle swarm optimization algorithm","volume":"153","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Soft. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2023.110913","article-title":"A co-evolutionary genetic algorithm with knowledge transfer for multi-objective capacitated vehicle routing problems","volume":"148","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Soft. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2023.114393","article-title":"A survey of underwater search for multi-target using Multi-AUV: task allocation, path planning, and formation control","volume":"278","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0037","article-title":"Position-based acoustic visual servo control for docking of autonomous underwater vehicle using deep reinforcement learning","volume":"186","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rob. Aut. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2024.103874","article-title":"An adaptive genetic hyper-heuristic algorithm for a two-echelon vehicle routing problem with dual-customer satisfaction in community group-buying","volume":"194","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transp. Res. E"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0039","article-title":"A bi-objective model and a branch-and-price-and-cut solution method for the railroad blocking problem in hazardous material transportation","volume":"32","author":"Yaghini","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Rail Transp. Plan Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.119760","article-title":"Adaptive quantum multi-objective parrot optimizer for task allocation of multi-UUV systems in underwater search","volume":"314","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2024.101814","article-title":"An evolutionary algorithm driving by dimensionality reduction operator and knowledge model for the electric vehicle routing problem with flexible charging strategy","volume":"92","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Swarm. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.121631","article-title":"A simulated annealing with variable neighborhood descent approach for the heterogeneous fleet vehicle routing problem with multiple forward\/reverse cross-docks","volume":"237","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert. Syst. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127010","article-title":"Application of improved genetic algorithm to vehicle routing problem considering the environmental self-regulation of the freight companies","volume":"274","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert. Syst. Appl."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2025.02.021","article-title":"Solving soft and hard-clustered vehicle routing problems: a bi-population collaborative memetic search approach","volume":"324","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper Res."}],"container-title":["Robotics and Autonomous Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0921889026002514?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0921889026002514?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T13:44:46Z","timestamp":1782481486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0921889026002514"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S0921889026002514"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579","relation":{},"ISSN":["0921-8890"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0921-8890","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"An ant colony-simulated annealing co-evolutionary algorithm for underwater vehicle routing problem","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Robotics and Autonomous Systems","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.robot.2026.105579","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105579"}}