{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T08:02:58Z","timestamp":1780300978783,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":293,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["864972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["864972"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science of Computer Programming"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T23:47:35Z","timestamp":1774396055000},"page":"103473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A survey on web testing: On the rise of AI and applications in industry"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"253","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7285-676X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iva","family":"Kertusha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6760-690X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gebremariam","family":"Assres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2489-8981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Onur","family":"Duman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0799-2930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Arcuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0001","series-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2022","first-page":"3480","article-title":"A never-ending project for humanity called \u201cthe web\u201d","author":"Gandon","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. S. Xavier, The web unpacked: a quantitative analysis of global web usage, (2024). arXiv preprint arXiv: 2404.17095.","DOI":"10.5220\/0012905900003825"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1093\/iwc\/iwt033","article-title":"User evaluation of websites: from first impression to recommendation","volume":"26","author":"Thielsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interact. Comput."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2013.02.006","article-title":"A systematic mapping study of web application testing","volume":"55","author":"Garousi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2014.01.010","article-title":"Web application testing: a systematic literature review","volume":"91","author":"Do\u011fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Syst. Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0006","unstructured":"A short history of the web, (https:\/\/home.cern\/science\/computing\/birth-web\/short-history-web). [Online; accessed 2-February-2025]."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.24297\/ijct.v16i7.6446","article-title":"Concept and dimensions of web 4.0","volume":"16","author":"Almeida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Technol."},{"issue":"HOPL","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3386327","article-title":"JavaScript: the first 20 years","volume":"4","author":"Wirfs-Brock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. ACM Programm. Lang."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Ammann, J. Offutt, Introduction to Software Testing. Cambridge University Press, 2008.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511809163"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0010","series-title":"30th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC\u201906)","first-page":"151","article-title":"A multi-agent framework for testing distributed systems","volume":"2","author":"El Yamany","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2011.28","article-title":"Invariant-based automatic testing of modern web applications","volume":"38","author":"Mesbah","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/stvr.1538","article-title":"Automatic testing of GUI-based applications","volume":"24","author":"Mariani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Software Testing Verif. Reliab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10515-013-0128-9","article-title":"GUITAR: an innovative tool for automated testing of GUI-driven software","volume":"21","author":"Nguyen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Automated Software Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0014","series-title":"2015 IEEE International Conference on Progress in Informatics and Computing (PIC)","first-page":"343","article-title":"Automated testing of web applications with text input","author":"Wu","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0015","article-title":"Testar\u2013scriptless testing through graphical user interface","volume":"31","author":"Vos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Software Testing Verif. Reliab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2022.111512","article-title":"QExplore: an exploration strategy for dynamic web applications using guided search","volume":"195","author":"Sherin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Syst. Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0017","series-title":"2021 IEEE\/ACM 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)","first-page":"423","article-title":"Automatic web testing using curiosity-driven reinforcement learning","author":"Zheng","year":"2021"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2006.06.006","article-title":"Testing web-based applications: the state of the art and future trends","volume":"48","author":"Di Lucca","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800162-2.00001-4","article-title":"Recent advances in web testing","volume":"93","author":"Tonella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.is.2014.02.001","article-title":"Two decades of web application testing-a survey of recent advances","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inf. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0021","series-title":"Advances in Computers","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800160-8.00002-4","article-title":"Automated extraction of GUI models for testing","volume":"95","author":"Aho","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0022","series-title":"2016 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution, and Reengineering (SANER)","first-page":"91","article-title":"Software analysis for the web: achievements and prospects","volume":"5","author":"Mesbah","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0023","series-title":"Advances in Computers","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.adcom.2015.11.007","article-title":"Approaches and tools for automated end-to-end web testing","volume":"101","author":"Leotta","year":"2016"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.17706\/jsw.11.4.347-361","article-title":"Model based testing for web applications: a literature survey presented","volume":"11","author":"Javed","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Softw."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3232520","article-title":"Automated regression test case generation for web application: a survey","volume":"51","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0026","series-title":"2019 1st International Informatics and Software Engineering Conference (UBMYK)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Systematic mapping on quality in web application testing","author":"Akbulut","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0027","series-title":"SOFSEM 2021: Theory and Practice of Computer Science: 47th International Conference on Current Trends in Theory and Practice of Computer Science, SOFSEM 2021, Bolzano-Bozen, Italy, January 25\u201329, 2021, Proceedings 47","first-page":"472","article-title":"Web test automation: insights from the grey literature","author":"Ricca","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.12962\/j24068535.v19i2.a1021","article-title":"Selenium framework for web automation testing: a systematic literature review","volume":"19","author":"Thooriqoh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Informasi"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0029","first-page":"849","article-title":"Black-box fuzzing approaches to secure web applications: survey","volume":"12","author":"Alsaedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Computer Sci. Appl."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1504\/IJWET.2022.129250","article-title":"Web applications testing techniques: a systematic mapping study","volume":"17","author":"Hanna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Web Eng. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.54480\/slr-m.v4i1.50","article-title":"Automated web testing over the last decade: a systematic literature review","volume":"4","author":"Mridha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Syst. Literat. Rev. Meta-Anal. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13948","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3242549","article-title":"Methods for automatic web page layout testing and analysis: a review","volume":"11","author":"Prazina","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0033","unstructured":"T. Li, R. Huang, C. Cui, D. Towey, L. Ma, Y.-F. Li, W. Xia, A survey on web application testing: a decade of evolution, (2024). arXiv preprint arXiv: 2412.10476."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0034","article-title":"Web application testing-challenges and opportunities","author":"Balsam","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Syst. Software"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0035","article-title":"Effective automated repair of internationalization presentation failures in web applications using style similarity clustering and search-based techniques","volume":"31","author":"Mahajan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Software Testing Verif. Reliab."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/stvr.1576","article-title":"Automatic fault localization for client-side JavaScript","volume":"26","author":"Ocariza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Software Testing Verif. Reliab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0037","series-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guidelines for snowballing in systematic literature studies and a replication in software engineering","author":"Wohlin","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0038","unstructured":"I. Kertusha, G. Assress, O. Duman, A. Arcuri, A survey on web testing: on the rise of AI and applications in industry, (2025). arXiv preprint arXiv: 2503.05378."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0039","series-title":"Proceedings of the 30th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing","first-page":"775","article-title":"Automated generation of visual web tests from DOM-based web tests","author":"Leotta","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0040","series-title":"2023 IEEE Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","first-page":"339","article-title":"Challenges of end-to-end testing with selenium WebDriver and how to face them: a survey","author":"Leotta","year":"2023"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s11219-016-9331-9","article-title":"APOGEN: automatic page object generator for web testing","volume":"25","author":"Stocco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Softw. Qual. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0042","series-title":"Proceedings of the 3rrd ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Automation of Software Test","first-page":"103","article-title":"CrawLabel: computing natural-language labels for UI test cases","author":"Liu","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0043","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 26th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","first-page":"876","article-title":"Vista: web test repair using computer vision","author":"Stocco","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0044","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 26th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","first-page":"503","article-title":"Visual web test repair","author":"Stocco","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3571855","article-title":"Similarity-based web element localization for robust test automation","volume":"32","author":"Nass","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Software Eng. Method."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0046","series-title":"Proceedings of the 30th ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis","first-page":"16","article-title":"Webevo: taming web application evolution via detecting semantic structure changes","author":"Shao","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0047","series-title":"Proceedings of the 28th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","first-page":"1498","article-title":"Webrr: self-replay enhanced robust record\/replay for web application testing","author":"Long","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0048","series-title":"2022 48th Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications (SEAA)","first-page":"104","article-title":"Towards the generation of robust E2E test cases in template-based web applications","author":"Fasolino","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0049","series-title":"2019 IEEE 26th International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER)","first-page":"310","article-title":"COLOR: correct locator recommender for broken test scripts using various clues in web application","author":"Kirinuki","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0050","series-title":"2014 9th International Conference on the Quality of Information and Communications Technology","first-page":"268","article-title":"A novel framework for creating user interface level tests resistant to refactoring of web applications","author":"Pirzadeh","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2022.105446","article-title":"Using deep learning for selenium web UI functional tests: a case-study with e-commerce applications","volume":"117","author":"Khaliq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2023.111932","article-title":"Investigating the robustness of locators in template-based web application testing using a GUI change classification model","volume":"210","author":"De Luca","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Syst. Software"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0053","article-title":"Generating and selecting resilient and maintainable locators for web automated testing","volume":"31","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Software Testing Verif. Reliab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0054","series-title":"2015 IEEE 8th International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Using multi-locators to increase the robustness of web test cases","author":"Leotta","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0055","series-title":"2018 13th International Conference on Computer Engineering and Systems (ICCES)","first-page":"327","article-title":"A new algorithm for repairing web-locators using optimization techniques","author":"Eladawy","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/smr.1771","article-title":"ROBULA+: an algorithm for generating robust XPath locators for web testing","volume":"28","author":"Leotta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Software Evol. Process"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0057","series-title":"2023 38th IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)","first-page":"1188","article-title":"Automated fixing of web UI tests via iterative element matching","author":"Lin","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2020.110841","article-title":"An automated model-based approach to repair test suites of evolving web applications","volume":"171","author":"Imtiaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Syst. Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0059","series-title":"International Conference on Web Engineering","first-page":"372","article-title":"An improving approach for dom-based web test suite repair","author":"Chen","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0060","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 24th ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Foundations of Software Engineering","first-page":"751","article-title":"Waterfall: an incremental approach for repairing record-replay tests of web applications","author":"Hammoudi","year":"2016"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0061","article-title":"Pesto: automated migration of DOM-based web tests towards the visual approach","volume":"28","author":"Leotta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Software Testing Verif. Reliab."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0062","article-title":"Sidereal: statistical adaptive generation of robust locators for web testing","volume":"31","author":"Leotta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Software Testing Verif. Reliab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0063","series-title":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution (ICSME)","first-page":"639","article-title":"NLP-assisted web element identification toward script-free testing","author":"Kirinuki","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0064","series-title":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","first-page":"1190","article-title":"Semantic test repair for web applications","author":"Qi","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0065","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 24th ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Foundations of Software Engineering","first-page":"1079","article-title":"Regression testing of web applications using record\/replay tools","author":"Hammoudi","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0066","series-title":"Companion Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on the Art, Science, and Engineering of Programming","first-page":"1","article-title":"How artificial intelligence can improve web development and testing","author":"Stocco","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2024.112286","article-title":"Ranking approaches for similarity-based web element location","volume":"222","author":"Coppola","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Syst. Software"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0068","article-title":"Improving web element localization by using a large language model","volume":"34","author":"Nass","year":"2024","journal-title":"Software Testing Verif. Reliab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0069","series-title":"2024 IEEE 24th International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security (QRS)","first-page":"13","article-title":"An automatic approach for uniquely discovering actionable elements for systematic GUI testing in web applications","author":"de Moura","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0070","series-title":"2025 IEEE Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","first-page":"326","article-title":"Understanding and enhancing attribute prioritization in fixing web UI tests with LLMs","author":"Xu","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0071","series-title":"2016 IEEE International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","first-page":"180","article-title":"Why do record\/replay tests of web applications break?","author":"Hammoudi","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0072","series-title":"2015 International Conference on Circuits, Power and Computing Technologies [ICCPCT-2015]","first-page":"1","article-title":"Novel approach to reuse unused test cases in a GUI based application","author":"Mayan","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0073","series-title":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution","first-page":"141","article-title":"Prevalence and maintenance of automated functional tests for web applications","author":"Christophe","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0074","series-title":"Advances in Computers","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.adcom.2018.10.005","article-title":"Three open problems in the context of e2e web testing and a vision: neonate","volume":"113","author":"Ricca","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0075","article-title":"Dependency detection and repair in web application tests","volume":"49","author":"Alakeel","year":"2022","journal-title":"IAENG Int. J. Computer Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0076","series-title":"2025 IEEE Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","first-page":"186","article-title":"Challenges, strategies, and impacts: a qualitative study on UI testing in CI\/CD processes from GitHub Developers\u2019 perspectives","author":"Gan","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0077","series-title":"2025 IEEE Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","first-page":"453","article-title":"LLM-based labelling of recorded automated GUI-based test cases","author":"Franzosi","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0078","series-title":"2018 IEEE 42nd Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC)","first-page":"75","article-title":"Test command auto-wait mechanisms for record and playback-style web application testing","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1007\/s11219-022-09596-z","article-title":"SleepReplacer: a novel tool-based approach for replacing thread sleeps in selenium webdriver test code","volume":"30","author":"Olianas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Software Qual. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0080","series-title":"International Conference on the Quality of Information and Communications Technology","first-page":"3","article-title":"Reducing flakiness in end-to-end test suites: an experience report","author":"Olianas","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0081","series-title":"BENEVOL","article-title":"An empirical study of async wait flakiness in front-end testing","author":"Pei","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0082","series-title":"2021 IEEE\/ACM 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)","first-page":"1585","article-title":"An empirical analysis of UI-based flaky tests","author":"Romano","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0083","series-title":"Proceedings of the 39th IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","first-page":"2065","article-title":"Towards a robust waiting strategy for web GUI testing for an industrial software system","author":"Zhang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0084","series-title":"2025 IEEE Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","first-page":"92","article-title":"An empirical study of web flaky tests: understanding and unveiling DOM event interaction challenges","author":"Pei","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0085","series-title":"2025 IEEE Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","first-page":"577","article-title":"Leveraging large language models for explicit wait management in end-to-end web testing","author":"Olianas","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0086","series-title":"2015 IEEE\/ACM 37th IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering","first-page":"44","article-title":"Automated modularization of GUI test cases","volume":"1","author":"Yandrapally","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0087","series-title":"2020 IEEE 13th International Conference on Software Testing, Validation and Verification (ICST)","first-page":"263","article-title":"A family of experiments to assess the impact of page object pattern in web test suite development","author":"Leotta","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0088","series-title":"Web Engineering: 16th International Conference, ICWE 2016, Lugano, Switzerland, June 6\u20139, 2016. Proceedings 16","first-page":"132","article-title":"Clustering-aided page object generation for web testing","author":"Stocco","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0089","series-title":"Web Engineering: 16th International Conference, ICWE 2016, Lugano, Switzerland, June 6\u20139, 2016. Proceedings 16","first-page":"533","article-title":"Automatic page object generation with APOGEN","author":"Stocco","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0090","series-title":"2022 IEEE Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","first-page":"389","article-title":"Assessor: a po-based webdriver test suites generator from selenium ide recordings","author":"Leotta","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0091","series-title":"2015 IEEE\/ACM 10th International Workshop on Automation of Software Test","first-page":"70","article-title":"Why creating web page objects manually if it can be done automatically?","author":"Stocco","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0092","series-title":"2023 IEEE\/ACM 31st International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC)","first-page":"79","article-title":"WebEV: a dataset on the behavior of testers for web application end to end testing","author":"Fuad","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0093","series-title":"2025 IEEE Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","first-page":"782","article-title":"End-to-end testing in web environments: addressing practical challenges","author":"Di Meglio","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3476105","article-title":"A survey of flaky tests","volume":"31","author":"Parry","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Software Eng. Methodol. (TOSEM)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0095","series-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Software and Information Engineering","first-page":"66","article-title":"Enhancing the automation of GUI testing","author":"Kamal","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2894784.2936305","article-title":"Improved GUI testing using task parallel library","volume":"41","author":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACM SIGSOFT Software Eng. Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0097","series-title":"2023 38th IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering Workshops (ASEW)","first-page":"171","article-title":"GUI-based software testing: an automated approach using GPT-4 and selenium WebDriver","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0098","series-title":"IEEE EUROCON 2021-19th International Conference on Smart Technologies","first-page":"352","article-title":"Test driven development in action: case study of a cross-platform web application","author":"Pombo","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0099","series-title":"2018 International Conference on Networking and Network Applications (NaNA)","first-page":"378","article-title":"A method for test cases reduction in web application testing based on user session","author":"Wang","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0100","series-title":"2018 IEEE SmartWorld, Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing, Advanced & Trusted Computing, Scalable Computing & Communications, Cloud & Big Data Computing, Internet of People and Smart City Innovation (SmartWorld\/SCALCOM\/UIC\/ATC\/CBDCom\/IOP\/SCI)","first-page":"1818","article-title":"DNN-based image classification for software gui testing","author":"Lu","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0101","series-title":"2015 International Symposium on Technology Management and Emerging Technologies (ISTMET)","first-page":"74","article-title":"Experiences in performance testing of web applications with unified authentication platform using jmeter","author":"Kiran","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0102","series-title":"2015 IEEE 39th Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference","first-page":"672","article-title":"Test script generation based on design documents for web application testing","volume":"3","author":"Tanno","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0103","series-title":"2014 International Conference on Information Technology","first-page":"106","article-title":"Data flow testing of CGI based web applications","author":"Sahu","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0104","series-title":"15th IEEE\/ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel\/Distributed Computing (SNPD)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Modeling web application for cross-browser compatibility testing","author":"Li","year":"2014"},{"issue":"a3","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0105","first-page":"55","article-title":"Comparison of open-source runtime testing tools for microservices","volume":"31","author":"Sotomayor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Softw. Qual. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.51219\/JAIMLD\/kodanda-rami-reddy\/152","article-title":"A comprehensive evaluation of selenium webdriver for cross-browser test automation: performance, reliability, and usability","volume":"1","author":"Manukonda","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Artif. Intell. Mach. Learn. Data Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0107","series-title":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation Workshops (ICSTW)","first-page":"216","article-title":"Selenium based testing systems for analytical data generation of website user behavior","author":"Tanaka","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0108","series-title":"2014 23rd Australian Software Engineering Conference","first-page":"200","article-title":"Fail-safe testing of web applications","author":"Andrews","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0109","series-title":"Proceeding of the 2024 5th Asia Service Sciences and Software Engineering Conference","first-page":"1","article-title":"Generating a robot framework test script for web application based on database constraints","author":"Aekaukkharachawakit","year":"2024"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0110","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effective, platform-independent GUI testing via image embedding and reinforcement learning","volume":"33","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Software Eng. Method."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0111","series-title":"Proceedings of the 5th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Automation of Software Test (AST 2024)","first-page":"56","article-title":"Grammar-based action selection rules for scriptless testing","author":"Hufkens","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0112","series-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis","first-page":"1149","article-title":"Segment-based test case prioritization: a multi-objective approach","author":"Huynh","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0113","series-title":"2024 11th International Conference on Dependable Systems and Their Applications (DSA)","first-page":"141","article-title":"Semantic-guided adaptive exploration testing for GUI software","author":"Huang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Li, C. Cui, R. Huang, D. Towey, L. Ma, Large language models for automated web-form-test generation: an empirical study, ACM Trans. Software Eng. Method. 3,pp. 1\u201337.","DOI":"10.1145\/3735553"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0115","series-title":"IFIP International Conference on Testing Software and Systems","first-page":"239","article-title":"Software system testing assisted by large language models: an exploratory study","author":"Augusto","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-018-0655-8","article-title":"Testing concurrent user behavior of synchronous web applications with petri nets","volume":"18","author":"Offutt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Software Syst. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0117","article-title":"Cypress copilot: development of an AI assistant for boosting productivity and transforming web application testing","author":"Nettur","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0118","article-title":"Investigating the adoption and maintenance of web gui testing: insights from github repositories","author":"SERGIO","year":"2025","journal-title":"Available at SSRN 5182165"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0119","series-title":"Proceedings of the 15th ACM\/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Web application testing: using tree kernels to detect near-duplicate states in automated model inference","author":"Corazza","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0120","series-title":"2022 26th International Conference on Circuits, Systems, Communications and Computers (CSCC)","first-page":"113","article-title":"Automated web testing using machine learning and containerization","author":"Loubiri","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0121","series-title":"ICSOFT 2020: 15th International Conference on Software Technologies","first-page":"51","article-title":"Codeless web testing using selenium and machine learning","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-019-09711-y","article-title":"Characterizing industry-academia collaborations in software engineering: evidence from 101 projects","volume":"24","author":"Garousi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Empir. Software Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0123","series-title":"2022 International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies (ISMSIT)","first-page":"549","article-title":"Evaluation for web GUI automation testing tool-experiment","author":"Azzam","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0124","article-title":"Pattern-based GUI testing: bridging the gap between design and quality assurance","volume":"27","author":"Moreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Software Testing Verif. Reliab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0125","series-title":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation Workshops (ICSTW)","first-page":"215","article-title":"Gamified exploratory GUI testing of web applications: a preliminary evaluation","author":"Fulcini","year":"2022"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0126","article-title":"Fostering the diversity of exploratory testing in web applications","volume":"32","author":"Leveau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Software Testing Verif. Reliab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvlc.2014.12.002","article-title":"Empirical validation of an automatic usability evaluation method","volume":"28","author":"Cassino","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Visual Lang. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0128","series-title":"2016 IEEE Ninth International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation Workshops (ICSTW)","first-page":"189","article-title":"Using Petri nets to test concurrent behavior of web applications","author":"Thummala","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s11219-018-9413-y","article-title":"Usability improvement through A\/B testing and refactoring","volume":"27","author":"Firmenich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Software Qual. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smr.2606","article-title":"An empirical study to compare three web test automation approaches: NLP-based, programmable, and capture&replay","volume":"36","author":"Leotta","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Software Evol. Process"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0131","series-title":"International Conference on the Quality of Information and Communications Technology","first-page":"108","article-title":"Comparing the effectiveness of assertions with differential testing in the context of web testing","author":"Leotta","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0132","series-title":"Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Automating TEST Case Design, Selection, and Evaluation","first-page":"9","article-title":"Towards automated generation of PO-based WebDriver test suites from selenium IDE recordings","author":"Ricca","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0133","series-title":"2019 2nd International Conference on New Trends in Computing Sciences (ICTCS)","first-page":"1","article-title":"An approach for web applications test data generation based on analyzing client side user input fields","author":"Hanna","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2023.107172","article-title":"Scripted and scriptless GUI testing for web applications: an industrial case","volume":"158","author":"Bons","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2022.111441","article-title":"Automated web application testing driven by pre-recorded test cases","volume":"193","author":"Sunman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Syst. Software"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s11390-022-0673-4","article-title":"Test-driven feature extraction of web components","volume":"37","author":"Long","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comput. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s11219-021-09575-w","article-title":"Model-based testing leveraged for automated web tests","volume":"30","author":"Mattiello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Software Qual. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0138","series-title":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Autonomic Computing and Self-Organizing Systems (ACSOS)","first-page":"160","article-title":"Automating gui testing with image-based deep reinforcement learning","author":"Eskonen","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0139","article-title":"On effectiveness and efficiency of gamified exploratory GUI testing","author":"Coppola","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0140","series-title":"International Conference on the Quality of Information and Communications Technology","first-page":"110","article-title":"Conceptualization of multi-user collaborative GUI-testing for web applications","author":"Coppola","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0141","series-title":"Proceedings of the 1st ACM\/IEEE Workshop on Integrated Development Environments","first-page":"76","article-title":"Gamified GUI testing with selenium in the IntelliJ IDE: a prototype plugin","author":"Garaccione","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2021.106574","article-title":"RLTCP: A reinforcement learning approach to prioritizing automated user interface tests","volume":"136","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9071067","article-title":"A survey of the selenium ecosystem","volume":"9","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-021-09975-3","article-title":"Automated driver management for selenium WebDriver","volume":"26","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Empir. Software Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0145","series-title":"International Conference on the Quality of Information and Communications Technology","first-page":"31","article-title":"An empirical study to quantify the setup and maintenance benefits of adopting WebDriverManager","author":"Leotta","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0146","series-title":"2022 International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies (ISMSIT)","first-page":"18","article-title":"Test case auto-generation for web applications: a model-based approach","author":"Othman","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0147","series-title":"Proceedings of the 8th ACM\/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluating the TESTAR tool in an industrial case study","author":"Bauersfeld","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0148","series-title":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution (ICSME)","first-page":"125","article-title":"Leveraging large vision-language model for better automatic web GUI testing","author":"Wang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0149","series-title":"2024 IEEE 48th Annual Computers, Software, and Applications Conference (COMPSAC)","first-page":"1310","article-title":"Multi-objective test case generation for web applications with limited resources","author":"Guo","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0150","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Research in Adaptive and Convergent Systems","first-page":"512","article-title":"Framework for assessment of web application automated testability","author":"Bures","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0151","series-title":"6th International Conferenrence on Metaheuristics and nature inspired computing (META 2016)","first-page":"130","article-title":"Q-learning strategies for action selection in the TESTAR automated testing tool","author":"Esparcia-Alc\u00e1zar","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s12293-018-0263-8","article-title":"Using genetic programming to evolve action selection rules in traversal-based automated software testing: results obtained with the TESTAR tool","volume":"10","author":"Esparcia-Alc\u00e1zar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Memetic Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0153","article-title":"Distributed state model inference for scriptless GUI testing","volume":"200","author":"Ric\u00f3s","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Syst. Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0154","series-title":"2021 IEEE\/ACM 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings (ICSE-Companion)","first-page":"278","article-title":"Towards a testing tool that learns to test","author":"Rodriguez-Valdes","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0155","series-title":"Search Based Software Engineering: 8th International Symposium, SSBSE 2016, Raleigh, NC, USA, October 8\u201310, 2016, Proceedings 8","first-page":"218","article-title":"Automated testing of web applications with TESTAR: lessons learned testing the odoo tool","author":"Almenar","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0156","first-page":"236","article-title":"TESTAR: from academic prototype towards an industry-ready tool for automated testing at the user interface level","author":"Rueda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Actas de las XX Jornadas de Ingenier\u0131a del Software y Bases de Datos (JISBD 2015)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2016.09.031","article-title":"A case study of black box fail-safe testing in web applications","volume":"131","author":"Boukhris","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Syst. Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2018.11.020","article-title":"Black-box model-based regression testing of fail-safe behavior in web applications","volume":"149","author":"Andrews","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Syst. Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0159","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 27th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","first-page":"142","article-title":"Diversity-based web test generation","author":"Biagiola","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0160","series-title":"Formal Aspects of Component Software: 14th International Conference, FACS 2017, Braga, Portugal, October 10\u201313, 2017, Proceedings 14","first-page":"155","article-title":"TOM: a model-based gui testing framework","author":"Pinto","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0161","series-title":"2015 Third IEEE Workshop on Hot Topics in Web Systems and Technologies (HotWeb)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Incremental web application testing using page object","author":"Yu","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0162","series-title":"2021 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Information Technology, Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (ICIBA)","first-page":"257","article-title":"A selenium-based web application automation test framework","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0163","series-title":"Proceedings of the XXXVII Brazilian Symposium on Software Engineering","first-page":"388","article-title":"Cytestion: automated GUI testing for web applications","author":"Moura","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0164","series-title":"2022 29th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC)","first-page":"482","article-title":"Ebat: an efficient automated web application testing approach based on tester\u2019s behavior","author":"Fuad","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0165","series-title":"Proceedings of the 39th IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","first-page":"14","article-title":"Can cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning boost automatic web testing? An exploratory study","author":"Fan","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0166","series-title":"2016 IEEE International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","first-page":"330","article-title":"Atrina: inferring unit oracles from GUI test cases","author":"Mirshokraie","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0167","series-title":"2023 IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Automation of Software Test (AST)","first-page":"13","article-title":"A reinforcement learning approach to generating test cases for web applications","author":"Chang","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0168","series-title":"2019 IEEE 30th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE)","first-page":"206","article-title":"Test case generation based on client-server of web applications by memetic algorithm","author":"Wang","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0169","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on User Interface Test Automation","first-page":"1","article-title":"Code coverage for any kind of test in any kind of transcompiled cross-platform applications","author":"Hirzel","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0170","series-title":"2021 13th International Conference on Knowledge and Systems Engineering (KSE)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Automated test data generation for typescript web applications","author":"Thu","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0171","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prioritising server side reachability via inter-process concolic testing","volume":"5","author":"Vandercammen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Art Sci. Eng. Programm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0172","series-title":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation Workshops (ICSTW)","first-page":"146","article-title":"Automatically generating test scripts for gui testing","author":"Iyama","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0173","series-title":"2015 IEEE 8th International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Jseft: automated javascript unit test generation","author":"Mirshokraie","year":"2015"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2014.2371458","article-title":"Guided mutation testing for javascript web applications","volume":"41","author":"Mirshokraie","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2022.107113","article-title":"Parallel evolutionary test case generation for web applications","volume":"155","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0176","series-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Foundations of Software Engineering","first-page":"449","article-title":"SymJS: automatic symbolic testing of JavaScript web applications","author":"Li","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0177","series-title":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution (ICSME)","first-page":"183","article-title":"Mutation analysis for assessing end-to-end web tests","author":"Yandrapally","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0178","series-title":"2017 IEEE\/ACM 39th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)","first-page":"278","article-title":"RClassify: classifying race conditions in web applications via deterministic replay","author":"Zhang","year":"2017"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3696","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-019-09707-8","article-title":"Search-based multi-vulnerability testing of XML injections in web applications","volume":"24","author":"Jan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Empir. Software Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2024.3439002","article-title":"DBINPUTS: exploiting persistent data to improve automated GUI testing","author":"Clerissi","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0181","series-title":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation Workshops (ICSTW)","first-page":"37","article-title":"Coverage measurement in model-based testing of web applications: tool support and an industrial experience report","author":"Garousi","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0182","series-title":"2024 IEEE 35th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering Workshops (ISSREW)","first-page":"95","article-title":"Search-based white-box fuzzing of web frontend applications","author":"Kertusha","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0183","series-title":"Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceeedings","first-page":"370","article-title":"Efficient GUI test generation by learning from tests of other apps","author":"Rau","year":"2018"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1145\/2791301.2793039","article-title":"Beyond page objects: testing web applications with state objects: use states to drive your tests","volume":"13","author":"Van Deursen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Queue"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0185","series-title":"2023 IEEE\/ACM 45th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)","first-page":"1971","article-title":"Carving UI tests to generate api tests and api specification","author":"Yandrapally","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0186","series-title":"2023 10th International Conference on Dependable Systems and Their Applications (DSA)","first-page":"12","article-title":"A comprehensive evaluation of Q-learning based automatic web GUI testing","author":"Fan","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0187","series-title":"2023 8th International Conference on Computer and Communication Systems (ICCCS)","first-page":"795","article-title":"Generating robot framework test scripts from user stories and scenarios for web application testing","author":"Waitchasarn","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0188","first-page":"119","article-title":"Morpheus web testing: a tool for generating test cases for widget based web applications","volume":"21","author":"de Almeida Neves","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Web Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0189","series-title":"2021 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM)","first-page":"342","article-title":"A novel approach of gui mapping with image based widget detection and classification","author":"Jaganeshwari","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0190","series-title":"2021 28th Conference of Open Innovations Association (FRUCT)","first-page":"278","article-title":"Image-based approaches for automating GUI testing of interactive web-based applications","author":"Macchi","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0191","series-title":"2020 International Conference on Electrical, Communication, and Computer Engineering (ICECCE)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Web application testing with model based testing method: case study","author":"Akpinar","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0192","series-title":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation Workshops (ICSTW)","first-page":"372","article-title":"Session-based recommender systems for action selection in gui test generation","author":"Nayak","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0193","series-title":"2019 International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition Workshops (ICDARW)","first-page":"18","article-title":"X-brot: prototyping of compatibility testing tool for web application based on document analysis technology","volume":"7","author":"Tanaka","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0194","series-title":"2018 IEEE 11th International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","first-page":"354","article-title":"Automating web application testing from the ground up: experiences and lessons learned in an industrial setting","author":"Debroy","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0195","series-title":"2017 IEEE International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","first-page":"138","article-title":"Using semantic similarity in crawling-based web application testing","author":"Lin","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0196","series-title":"2016 3rd International Conference on Information Science and Control Engineering (ICISCE)","first-page":"1183","article-title":"Web application automatic testing solution","author":"Dawei","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0197","series-title":"2015 IEEE 26th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE)","first-page":"77","article-title":"Model generation to support model-based testing applied on the NASA DAT web-application-An experience report","author":"Schulze","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0198","series-title":"2015 IEEE 8th International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Model-based continuous integration testing of responsiveness of web applications","author":"Brajnik","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0199","series-title":"2014 9th International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Keyword driven automated testing framework for web application","author":"Arya","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0200","series-title":"2014 IEEE Seventh International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation Workshops","first-page":"413","article-title":"WebMate: web application test generation in the real world","author":"Dallmeier","year":"2014"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218194022500541","article-title":"End-to-end automated UI testing workflow for web sites with intensive user\u2013system interactions","volume":"32","author":"Oguz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Software Eng. Knowl. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0202","series-title":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","first-page":"2998","article-title":"Test script generation based on hidden Markov models learning from user browsing behaviors","author":"Erdem","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1007\/s11219-020-09503-4","article-title":"Test case generation based on mutations over user execution traces","volume":"28","author":"Paiva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Software Qual. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-018-9635-4","article-title":"Test them all, is it worth it? Assessing configuration sampling on the JHipster web development stack","volume":"24","author":"Halin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Empir. Software Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0205","series-title":"Search Based Software Engineering: 9th International Symposium, SSBSE 2017, Paderborn, Germany, September 9\u201311, 2017, Proceedings 9","first-page":"18","article-title":"Search based path and input data generation for web application testing","author":"Biagiola","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0206","series-title":"2015 30th IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)","first-page":"709","article-title":"Automatic detection of potential layout faults following changes to responsive web pages (N)","author":"Walsh","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0207","series-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Image Processing","first-page":"144","article-title":"Automation testing framework for web applications with selenium WebDriver: opportunities and threats","author":"Vila","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0208","series-title":"2017 IEEE 25th International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops (REW)","first-page":"343","article-title":"Towards the generation of end-to-end web test scripts from requirements specifications","author":"Clerissi","year":"2017"},{"issue":"02","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218194016500091","article-title":"Input contract testing of graphical user interfaces","volume":"26","author":"Tuglular","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Software Eng. Knowl. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0210","series-title":"Computational Science and Its Applications\u2013ICCSA 2020: 20th International Conference, Cagliari, Italy, July 1\u20134, 2020, Proceedings, Part II 20","first-page":"458","article-title":"Test automation with the gauge framework: experience and best practices","author":"Garousi","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0211","series-title":"Document Analysis and Recognition\u2013ICDAR 2021 Workshops: Lausanne, Switzerland, September 5\u201310, 2021, Proceedings, Part II 16","first-page":"255","article-title":"Automating web GUI compatibility testing using X-BROT: prototyping and field trial","author":"Tanaka","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0212","series-title":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","first-page":"67","article-title":"Leveraging existing tests in automated test generation for web applications","author":"Milani Fard","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0213","series-title":"2019 IEEE\/ACM 14th International Workshop on Automation of Software Test (AST)","first-page":"14","article-title":"Improving the testing efficiency of selenium-based load tests","author":"Shariff","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2020.103467","article-title":"Comparing coverage criteria for dynamic web application: an empirical evaluation","volume":"73","author":"Sherin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computer Stand. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0215","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 27th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","first-page":"154","article-title":"Web test dependency detection","author":"Biagiola","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0216","series-title":"2021 14th IEEE Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","first-page":"460","article-title":"Stile: a tool for parallel execution of e2e web test scripts","author":"Olianas","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0217","series-title":"2016 10th International Conference on the Quality of Information and Communications Technology (QUATIC)","first-page":"25","article-title":"Test driven development of web applications: a lightweight approach","author":"Clerissi","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2022.111298","article-title":"Selenium-jupiter: a junit 5 extension for selenium webdriver","volume":"189","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Syst. Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0219","series-title":"International Conference on the Quality of Information and Communications Technology","first-page":"77","article-title":"Is NLP-based test automation cheaper than programmable and capture &replay?","author":"Leotta","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.31645\/JISRC.23.21.1.6","article-title":"Comparative study of software automation tools: selenium and quick test professional","volume":"21","author":"Fatima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Independent Studies and Research Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0221","series-title":"ICWI AC 2021: 20th International Conference on WWW\/Internet and 18th International Conference on Applied Computing","first-page":"163","article-title":"An automated parallel compatibility testing framework fo web-based systems","author":"Chicas","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0222","article-title":"Web page element identification using selenium and cnn: a novel approach","volume":"1","author":"Khankhoje","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Software Qual. Assur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0223","first-page":"294","article-title":"Automating end-to-end web testing via manual testing","volume":"30","author":"Kirinuki","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Inf. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0224","series-title":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Data and Software Engineering (ICoDSE)","first-page":"256","article-title":"Website functionality testing using the automation tool","author":"Barus","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0225","first-page":"11","article-title":"A semantic web enabled approach to automate test script generation for web applications","volume":"4","author":"Dadkhah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computer Knowl. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0226","series-title":"Context-Aware Systems and Applications, and Nature of Computation and Communication: 7th EAI International Conference, ICCASA 2018, and 4th EAI International Conference, ICTCC 2018, Viet Tri City, Vietnam, November 22\u201323, 2018, Proceedings 7","first-page":"48","article-title":"JFAT: an automation framework for web application testing","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/stvr.1540","article-title":"An efficient regression testing approach for PHP web applications: a controlled experiment","volume":"24","author":"Do","year":"2014","journal-title":"Software Testing Verif. Reliab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0228","series-title":"2023 IEEE\/ACM 45th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)","first-page":"1368","article-title":"Detecting dialog-related keyboard navigation failures in web applications","author":"Chiou","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0229","series-title":"2024 3rd Edition of IEEE Delhi Section Flagship Conference (DELCON)","first-page":"1","article-title":"TEST-web: an automated web application testing tool for enhanced efficiency and consistency","author":"Verma","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0230","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2020 3rd International Conference on Sensors, Signal and Image Processing","first-page":"84","article-title":"Generating test scripts for web-based applications","author":"Sriwichainan","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0231","series-title":"2025 IEEE Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","first-page":"533","article-title":"FuzzE, development of a fuzzing approach for Odoo\u2019s tours integration testing plateform","author":"Benoit","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0232","series-title":"Asian Conference on Intelligent Information and Database Systems","first-page":"326","article-title":"Functional test generation based on requirements defined at GUI level","author":"Hnatkowska","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0233","series-title":"International Conference on Computational Intelligence in Data Science","first-page":"51","article-title":"Automation xtreme-A web automation AI tool","author":"Abishek","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0234","series-title":"International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Software Engineering","first-page":"242","article-title":"Tree-based synthesis of web test sequences from manual actions","author":"Jiang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0235","series-title":"CS&SE@ SW","first-page":"101","article-title":"Implementing E2E tests with cypress and page object model: evolution of approaches","author":"Krasnokutska","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2017.2778711","article-title":"Automatic generation of tests to exploit XML injection vulnerabilities in web applications","volume":"45","author":"Jan","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0237","series-title":"2017 IEEE International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","first-page":"356","article-title":"A search-based testing approach for XML injection vulnerabilities in web applications","author":"Jan","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-017-9570-9","article-title":"An experience report on applying software testing academic results in industry: we need usable automated test generation","volume":"23","author":"Arcuri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Empir. Software Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0239","series-title":"2024 International Conference on Innovative Computing, Intelligent Communication and Smart Electrical Systems (ICSES)","first-page":"1","article-title":"A hybrid approach for automated GUI testing using quasi-oppositional genetic sparrow search algorithm","author":"Jayalakshmi","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0240","series-title":"2023 IEEE\/ACM 45th International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings (ICSE-Companion)","first-page":"55","article-title":"GUI testing to the power of parallel Q-Learning","author":"Mobilio","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0241","series-title":"COLINS","first-page":"1019","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in automated system for web-interfaces visual testing","author":"Ivanova","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0242","series-title":"Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering","first-page":"186","article-title":"Near-duplicate detection in web app model inference","author":"Yandrapally","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0243","series-title":"Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Software Engineering","first-page":"468","article-title":"Prioritizing browser environments for web application test execution","author":"Kwon","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-015-9413-5","article-title":"Forepost: finding performance problems automatically with feedback-directed learning software testing","volume":"22","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Empir. Software Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0245","series-title":"Proceedings of the 25th International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis","first-page":"82","article-title":"Monkey see, monkey do: effective generation of GUI tests with inferred macro events","author":"Ermuth","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Liu, J. Wang, W. Yang, Y. Zhang, T. Xie, Judge: effective State Abstraction for Guiding Automated Web GUI Testing, ACM Trans. Software Eng. Method. 35, pp. 1\u201340.","DOI":"10.1145\/3736162"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0247","series-title":"2025 IEEE Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","first-page":"487","article-title":"Evaluation of the choice of LLM in a multi-agent solution for GUI-test generation","author":"Tomic","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0248","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 27th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering","first-page":"883","article-title":"Terminator: better automated ui test case prioritization","author":"Yu","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0249","series-title":"SATToSE","first-page":"60","article-title":"User interface level testing with TESTAR; what about more sophisticated action specification and selection?","author":"Bauersfeld","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0250","series-title":"Proceedings of the 8th Brazilian Symposium on Systematic and Automated Software Testing","first-page":"99","article-title":"ATF-an end-to-end testing framework: experience report","author":"de Souza","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0251","series-title":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation Workshops (ICSTW)","first-page":"138","article-title":"Introducing automated GUI testing and observing its benefits: an industrial case study in the context of law-practice management software","author":"Garousi","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s10009-014-0328-z","article-title":"A multiple case study on risk-based testing in industry","volume":"16","author":"Felderer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Software Tools Technol. Trans."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0253","series-title":"Companion Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on the Art, Science, and Engineering of Programming","first-page":"1","article-title":"GUI Testing in production: challenges and opportunities","author":"Denaro","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0254","series-title":"2015 30th IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE)","first-page":"190","article-title":"Generating fixtures for javascript unit testing (t)","author":"Fard","year":"2015"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1145\/2714064.2660233","article-title":"EventBreak: analyzing the responsiveness of user interfaces through performance-guided test generation","volume":"49","author":"Pradel","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACM SIGPLAN Notices"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0256","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis","first-page":"373","article-title":"Link: exploiting the web of data to generate test inputs","author":"Mariani","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0257","series-title":"Proceedings of the 25th International Conference Companion on World Wide Web","first-page":"277","article-title":"Context-based A\/B test validation","author":"Nolting","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0258","series-title":"2017 IEEE International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security Companion (QRS-C)","first-page":"100","article-title":"Combinatorial testing of full text search in web applications","author":"Raunak","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0259","series-title":"2015 9th Malaysian Software Engineering Conference (MySEC)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Orchestration framework for automated ajax-based web application testing","author":"Deyab","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0260","series-title":"2015 International Conference on Computer, Communications, and Control Technology (I4CT)","first-page":"389","article-title":"Syntax-based test case generation for web application","author":"Polpong","year":"2015"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1109\/MPOT.2012.2202135","article-title":"A keyword-driven tool for testing web applications (KeyDriver)","volume":"33","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Potentials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0262","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 24th ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Foundations of Software Engineering","first-page":"447","article-title":"Static DOM event dependency analysis for testing web applications","author":"Sung","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0263","series-title":"2020 IEEE 13th International Conference on Software Testing, Validation and Verification (ICST)","first-page":"175","article-title":"Dependency-aware web test generation","author":"Biagiola","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0264","series-title":"2016 IEEE International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","first-page":"393","article-title":"Skyfire: model-based testing with cucumber","author":"Li","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0265","series-title":"2015 IEEE 8th International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Testing web applications through layout constraints","author":"Hall\u00e9","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0266","series-title":"2025 6th International Conference on Advancements in Computational Sciences (ICACS)","first-page":"1","article-title":"A meta-model to support compatibility testing of cross-browser web application","author":"Muneer","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0267","series-title":"2025 IEEE Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","first-page":"752","article-title":"ViMoTest: a tool to specify ViewModel-based GUI test scenarios using projectional editing","author":"Fuksa","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0268","series-title":"2025 IEEE Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","first-page":"747","article-title":"E2E-loader: a tool to generate performance tests from end-to-end GUI-level tests","author":"Di Meglio","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0269","series-title":"2023 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems Companion (MODELS-C)","first-page":"821","article-title":"Applicability of the ViMoTest approach for automated GUI testing: a field study","author":"Fuksa","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0270","series-title":"2023 IEEE Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)","first-page":"351","article-title":"E2E-loader: a framework to support performance testing of web applications","author":"Battista","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0271","series-title":"2023 IEEE International Conference on e-Business Engineering (ICEBE)","first-page":"217","article-title":"An empirical study on web GUI load testing and the hybrid with HTTP requests","author":"Lo","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0272","series-title":"2021 10th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO)","first-page":"1","article-title":"A comparative study of automation testing tools for web applications","author":"Pelivani","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0273","series-title":"2020 International Conference on Informatics, Multimedia, Cyber and Information System (ICIMCIS)","first-page":"87","article-title":"Behavior-driven development (BDD) cucumber katalon for automation GUI testing case CURA and swag labs","author":"Bahaweres","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0274","series-title":"2015 1st International Conference on Next Generation Computing Technologies (NGCT)","first-page":"593","article-title":"A framework for testing web applications using action word based testing","author":"Garg","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2015.07.003","article-title":"Event-driven web application testing based on model-based mutation testing","volume":"67","author":"Habibi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0276","series-title":"2024 IEEE 16th International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN)","first-page":"1289","article-title":"A comparative analysis of JavaScript unit and end-to-end testing frameworks: enhancing quality assurance in modern web applications","author":"Donvir","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0277","series-title":"2016 IEEE 13th International Conference on e-Business Engineering (ICEBE)","first-page":"250","article-title":"Testing of AJAX-based web applications using hierarchical state model","author":"Liu","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2019.03.016","article-title":"Leveraging keyword-guided exploration to build test models for web applications","volume":"111","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s11390-017-1699-x","article-title":"Automated testing of web applications using combinatorial strategies","volume":"32","author":"Qi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Comput. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-017-0647-0","article-title":"Property-based testing of web services by deriving properties from business-rule models","volume":"18","author":"Aichernig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Software Syst. Model."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/stvr.1599","article-title":"Using combinatorial testing to build navigation graphs for dynamic web applications","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Software Testing Verif. Reliab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0282","series-title":"2017 IEEE\/ACM 10th International Workshop on Search-Based Software Testing (SBST)","first-page":"7","article-title":"Searching for behavioural bugs with stateful test oracles in web crawlers","author":"Beroual","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0283","series-title":"Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies","first-page":"83","article-title":"Metrics for automated testability of web applications","author":"Bures","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s10515-018-0246-5","article-title":"Exploring output-based coverage for testing PHP web applications","volume":"26","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autom. Software Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0285","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis","first-page":"60","article-title":"Virtual DOM coverage for effective testing of dynamic web applications","author":"Zou","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2024.3366586","article-title":"Guess the state: exploiting determinism to improve GUI exploration efficiency","volume":"50","author":"Clerissi","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0287","series-title":"2014 IEEE Seventh International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation Workshops","first-page":"243","article-title":"Exhaustive exploration of ajax web applications with selective jumping","author":"Hall\u00e9","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0288","series-title":"2024 IEEE 4th International Conference on ICT in Business Industry & Government (ICTBIG)","first-page":"1","article-title":"A regression test case prioritization technique for web application using user session data","author":"Pilley","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2022.3171295","article-title":"Fragment-based test generation for web apps","volume":"49","author":"Yandrapally","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0290","first-page":"3647","article-title":"A taxonomy of testable HTML5 canvas issues","volume":"49","author":"Macklon","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scico.2022.102897","article-title":"Kraken 2.0: a platform-agnostic and cross-device interaction testing tool","volume":"225","author":"Ravelo-M\u00e9ndez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Comput. Program."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67331","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2917674","article-title":"Automated model-based test case generation for web user interfaces (WUI) from interaction flow modeling language (IFML) models","volume":"7","author":"Yousaf","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473_bib0293","series-title":"2017 IEEE International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation Workshops (ICSTW)","first-page":"366","article-title":"Pattern-based usability testing","author":"Dias","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Science of Computer Programming"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167642326000390?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167642326000390?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T07:26:18Z","timestamp":1780298778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167642326000390"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":293,"alternative-id":["S0167642326000390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-6423"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-6423","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A survey on web testing: On the rise of AI and applications in industry","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science of Computer Programming","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103473","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103473"}}