{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:47:15Z","timestamp":1785905235154,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62302029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62302029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFB2501301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB2501301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011347","name":"State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science of Computer Programming"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T08:09:57Z","timestamp":1780474197000},"page":"103513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["OCL2NL: Automatic generation of natural language descriptions from OCL contracts"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"254","author":[{"given":"Yilong","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qizhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4658-583X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianshu","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiru","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0001","series-title":"International Symposium on Formal Methods","first-page":"42","article-title":"40 Years of formal methods","author":"Bj\u00f8rner","year":"2014"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02745370","article-title":"On the use of a formal requirements engineering language: the generalized railroad crossing problem","volume":"2","author":"Bois","year":"1997","journal-title":"Requir. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/32.663994","article-title":"Experiences using lightweight formal methods for requirements modeling","volume":"24","author":"Easterbrook","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0004","series-title":"Proceedings of the Twenty-second IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","first-page":"531","article-title":"Formal specification generator for KAOS: model transformation approach to generate formal specifications from KAOS requirements models","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0005","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 24th ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Foundations of Software Engineering","first-page":"373","article-title":"Lightweight specification and analysis of dynamic systems with rich configurations","author":"Macedo","year":"2016"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.388","article-title":"A case study using lightweight formalism to review an information system specification","volume":"31","author":"Polack","year":"2001","journal-title":"Softw. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0007","series-title":"25th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference. COMPSAC 2001","first-page":"215","article-title":"Formal and use-case driven requirement analysis in UML","author":"Li","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0008","series-title":"Enterprise Patterns and MDA: Building Better Software with Archetype Patterns and UML","author":"Arlow","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0009","series-title":"International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering","first-page":"397","article-title":"Structural descriptions of process models based on goal-oriented unfolding","author":"Qian","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0010","series-title":"Proceedings 9th International Workshop on Program Comprehension. IWPC 2001","first-page":"71","article-title":"Inference-based and expectation-based processing in program comprehension","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2001"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.10.037","article-title":"Data quality at the cancer registry of Norway: an overview of comparability, completeness, validity and timeliness","volume":"45","author":"Larsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.datak.2020.101822","article-title":"Natural language processing-enhanced extraction of SBVR business vocabularies and business rules from UML use case diagrams","volume":"128","author":"Danenas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Data Knowl. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Berenbach, The automated extraction of requirements from UML models, in: Proceedings. 11th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference, 2003., IEEE Computer Society, 2003, pp. 287\u2013287.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRE.2003.1232764"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00766-007-0054-0","article-title":"Generating natural language specifications from UML class diagrams","volume":"13","author":"Meziane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Requir. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0015","series-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Model-Driven Engineering, Verification and Validation","first-page":"1","article-title":"Natural language generation from class diagrams","author":"Burden","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0016","unstructured":"R. Heldal, K. Johannisson, Customer validation of formal contracts, in: OCL Models Mult. Appl. Domains, 2006, pp. 13\u201325."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.2019.2934348","article-title":"Automated prototype generation from formal requirements model","volume":"69","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Reliab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0018","series-title":"Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to Object-Oriented Analysis and Design","author":"Larman","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0019","series-title":"Design by Contract, by Example","author":"Mitchell","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0020","series-title":"2019 IEEE\/ACM 41st International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings (ICSE-Companion)","first-page":"59","article-title":"RM2PT: a tool for automated prototype generation from requirements model","author":"Yang","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0021","series-title":"Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE 44th International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings","first-page":"188","article-title":"RM2Doc: a tool for automatic generation of requirements documents from requirements models","author":"Bao","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0022","series-title":"International Conference on Application of Natural Language to Information Systems","first-page":"311","article-title":"Paraphrasing OCL expressions with SBVR","author":"Pau","year":"2008"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.is.2008.12.002","article-title":"From UML\/OCL to SBVR specifications: a challenging transformation","volume":"35","author":"Cabot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inf. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0024","series-title":"International Conference on Logical Aspects of Computational Linguistics","first-page":"51","article-title":"Translating formal software specifications to natural language","author":"Burke","year":"2005"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1017\/S0956796803004738","article-title":"Grammatical framework: a type-theoretical grammar formalism","volume":"14","author":"Ranta","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Funct. Program."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0026","unstructured":"D.A. Burke, Improving the natural language translation of formal software specifications, Master\u2019s thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 (2004)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0027","series-title":"2024 IEEE International Symposium on Systems Engineering (ISSE)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Generative AI for OCL constraint generation: dataset collection and LLM fine-tuning","author":"Pan","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0028","series-title":"2023 IEEE\/ACM 20th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR)","first-page":"148","article-title":"On codex prompt engineering for OCL generation: an empirical study","author":"Abukhalaf","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0029","series-title":"Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems: Companion Proceedings","first-page":"908","article-title":"Combining OCL and natural language: a call for a community effort","author":"Cabot","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0030","series-title":"MODELSWARD","first-page":"281","article-title":"Translating platform-independent code into natural language texts","author":"Burden","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0031","series-title":"International Workshop on Rules and Rule Markup Languages for the Semantic Web","first-page":"167","article-title":"A rule-based system implementing a method for translating fol formulas into NL sentences","author":"Mpagouli","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0032","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2012 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data","first-page":"673","article-title":"Logos: a system for translating queries into narratives","author":"Kokkalis","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Elgohary, S. Hosseini, A.H. Awadallah, Speak to your parser: interactive text-to-SQL with natural language feedback, arXiv preprint arXiv: 2005.02539(2020).","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.187"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0034","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management","first-page":"177","article-title":"Building natural language interfaces to web apis","author":"Su","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3485766","article-title":"A survey of evaluation metrics used for NLG systems","volume":"55","author":"Sai","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0036","series-title":"2011 IEEE 19th International Conference on Program Comprehension","first-page":"71","article-title":"Generating parameter comments and integrating with method summaries","author":"Sridhara","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513_bib0037","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering","first-page":"43","article-title":"Towards automatically generating summary comments for java methods","author":"Sridhara","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["Science of Computer Programming"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167642326000791?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167642326000791?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:08:58Z","timestamp":1785902938000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167642326000791"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S0167642326000791"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-6423"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-6423","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"OCL2NL: Automatic generation of natural language descriptions from OCL contracts","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science of Computer Programming","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103513","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103513"}}