{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T14:43:35Z","timestamp":1786113815642,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Dutch Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science of Computer Programming"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T23:12:05Z","timestamp":1784329925000},"page":"103537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Testing compositionality"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"255","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5653-8243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gijs","family":"van Cuyck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"van Arragon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Tretmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0001","series-title":"Testing Software and Systems","first-page":"202","article-title":"Compositionality in model-based testing","volume":"vol. 14131","author":"van Cuyck","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0002","series-title":"Formal Aspects of Component Software","first-page":"39","article-title":"Testing compositionality","volume":"Vol. 15189","author":"Van Cuyck","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0003","first-page":"103","article-title":"Test generation with inputs, outputs and repetitive quiescence","volume":"17","author":"Tretmans","year":"1996","journal-title":"Softw.: Concepts Tools"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0004","series-title":"Formal Approaches to Software Testing","first-page":"86","article-title":"Compositional testing with Ioco","volume":"Vol. 2931","author":"van der Bijl","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. van Cuyck, L. van Arragon, J. Tretmans, Compositionality in Model-Based Testing, (2023). 10.48550\/arXiv.2307.03701.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-43240-8_13"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0006","series-title":"TAPSOFT \u201995: Theory and Practice of Software Development","first-page":"82","article-title":"Testing can be formal, too","volume":"Vol. 915","author":"Gaudel","year":"1995"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1145\/3363824","article-title":"Fuzzing: hack, art, and science","volume":"63","author":"Godefroid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0008","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","first-page":"1051","article-title":"LibAFL: a framework to build modular and reusable fuzzers","author":"Fioraldi","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0009","series-title":"Formal Methods for Components and Objects","first-page":"1","article-title":"Model-based testing of environmental conformance of components","volume":"Vol. 4709","author":"Frantzen","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0010","series-title":"2023 ACM\/IEEE 26th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (MODELS)","first-page":"217","article-title":"An experimental evaluation of conformance testing techniques in active automata learning","author":"Garhewal","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0011","series-title":"Formal Methods and Testing: An Outcome of the FORTEST Network, Revised Selected Papers","first-page":"1","article-title":"Model based testing with labelled transition systems","volume":"Vol. 4949","author":"Tretmans","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0012","unstructured":"L. Frantzen, Symbolic conformance, 2024, 10.13140\/RG.2.2.12307.69927."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0013","series-title":"Third International Conference on Quality Software","first-page":"146","article-title":"State of the art in testing components","author":"Beydeda","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84882-258-0","article-title":"Understanding Concurrent Systems","author":"Roscoe","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-7552(87)90085-7","article-title":"Introduction to the ISO specification language LOTOS","volume":"14","author":"Bolognesi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Comput. Netw. ISDN Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0016","article-title":"Succeeding with Agile: Software Development Using Scrum","author":"Cohn","year":"2011"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1145\/503271.503226","article-title":"Interface automata","volume":"26","author":"de Alfaro","year":"2001","journal-title":"ACM SIGSOFT Softw. Eng. Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0018","series-title":"Engineering Theories of Software Intensive Systems","first-page":"83","article-title":"Interface-based design","volume":"Vol. 195","author":"de Alfaro","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0019","series-title":"Embedded Software","first-page":"148","article-title":"Interface theories for component-based design","volume":"Vol. 2211","author":"de Alfaro","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0020","series-title":"27th Annual NASA Goddard\/IEEE Software Engineering Workshop","first-page":"96","article-title":"An on-line test platform for component-based systems","author":"Deussen","year":"2002"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1134\/S036176881005004X","article-title":"Component architecture of model-based testing environment","volume":"36","author":"Kuliamin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Program. Comput. Softw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0022","series-title":"Technical Report","article-title":"Ariane 5: Flight 501 Failure","author":"Lions","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0023","series-title":"2024 International Conference on Emerging Systems and Intelligent Computing (ESIC)","first-page":"360","article-title":"Reviewing the landscape: component-Based software engineering practices and challenges","author":"Mahapatro","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.entcs.2009.12.040","article-title":"Integrating component tests to system tests","volume":"260","author":"Sch\u00e4tz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electron. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0025","series-title":"ModelEd, TestEd, TrustEd","first-page":"87","article-title":"On the existence of practical testers","volume":"Vol. 10500","author":"Tretmans","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0026","series-title":"Technical Report","article-title":"Unified Modeling Language, v2.5.1","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0027","series-title":"2013 International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Signal Processing (ISSP)","first-page":"28","article-title":"Structural and behavioral modeling of RESTful web service interface using UML","author":"Rathod","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0028","series-title":"BPMN Method and Style","author":"Silver","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0029","series-title":"Enterprise, Business-Process and Information Systems Modeling","first-page":"119","article-title":"BPMN-based model-driven testing of service-based processes","volume":"Vol. 287","author":"L\u00fcbke","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-012-0302-8","article-title":"Synchrony and asynchrony in conformance testing","volume":"14","author":"Noroozi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Softw. Syst. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4204\/EPTCS.111.5","article-title":"Decomposability in input output conformance testing","volume":"111","author":"Noroozi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electron. Proc. Theor. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0032","series-title":"Proceedings - IEEE 7th International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation, ICST 2014","first-page":"373","article-title":"Compositional specifications for ioco testing","author":"Daca","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1561\/1000000053","article-title":"Contracts for system design","volume":"12","author":"Benveniste","year":"2018","journal-title":"Found. Trends\/textregistered Electron. Des. Autom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0034","series-title":"Principles of Systems Design: Essays Dedicated to Thomas A. Henzinger on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday","first-page":"477","article-title":"From interface automata to hypercontracts","author":"Incer","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0035","series-title":"Proceedings of the 30th International on Design Automation Conference - DAC \u201993","first-page":"86","article-title":"Automatic functional test generation using the extended finite state machine model","author":"Cheng","year":"1993"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-004-0077-7","article-title":"Testing web applications by modeling with FSMs","volume":"4","author":"Andrews","year":"2005","journal-title":"Softw. Syst. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0037","series-title":"The BDD Books \u2013 Formulation","author":"Rose","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0038","series-title":"T.H. Report","article-title":"Notes On Structured Programming \u2013 EWD249","author":"Dijkstra","year":"1969"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0039","series-title":"Foundations of Software Testing: ISTQB Certification","author":"Graham","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0040","series-title":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation Workshops (ICSTW)","first-page":"36","article-title":"From BDD scenarios to test case generation","author":"Zameni","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0041","series-title":"Principles of Verification: Cycling the Probabilistic Landscape","first-page":"234","article-title":"Effective model-based testing","author":"Ruys","year":"2025"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0042","first-page":"56","article-title":"Shift-left testing","volume":"26","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dr. Dobb\u2019s J.: Softw. Tools Profess. Program."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0043","series-title":"Improving Input-Output Conformance Testing Theories","author":"Noroozi","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. van Cuyck, L. van Arragon, J. Tretmans, Testing compositionality, 2025. 10.48550\/arXiv.2407.05028.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-71261-6_3"}],"container-title":["Science of Computer Programming"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167642326001036?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167642326001036?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T19:54:11Z","timestamp":1785959651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167642326001036"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S0167642326001036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-6423"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-6423","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Testing compositionality","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Science of Computer Programming","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scico.2026.103537","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103537"}}