{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T05:07:45Z","timestamp":1780549665254,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Signal Processing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T06:48:17Z","timestamp":1778309297000},"page":"110688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Algebraic FDOA-only geolocation with three observers"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"248","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6617-911X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fucheng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2022.108904","article-title":"Modeling and performance analysis of blockchain-aided secure TDOA localization under random internet-of-vehicle networks","volume":"206","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2025.110040","article-title":"A robust TDOA localization method for researching upper bound on NLOS ranging error","volume":"235","author":"Shui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19553","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2024.3485085","article-title":"Bias-reduced closed-form method for 3-D moving object localization by AOA using sensors at known and unknown positions","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2024.3445928","article-title":"Unbiased bearing-only localization and circumnavigation of a constant velocity target","volume":"11","author":"Sui","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2024.109760","article-title":"Improved analytical solution with optimization constraints using TDOA and FDOA measurements for USV\/AUV collaborative localization","volume":"228","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3782","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2021.3087804","article-title":"The geometry of far-field passive source localization with TDOA and FDOA","volume":"57","author":"Pine","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1981.1163621","article-title":"Algorithms for ambiguity function processing","volume":"29","author":"Stein","year":"1981","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1109\/7.599239","article-title":"Geolocation of a known altitude object from TDOA and FDOA measurements","volume":"33","author":"Ho","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2017.2777995","article-title":"Improved algebraic solution for source localization from TDOA and FDOA measurements","volume":"7","author":"Noroozi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12092151","article-title":"Multiple signal TDOA\/FDOA joint estimation with coherent integration","volume":"12","author":"Ouyang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2022.3212106","article-title":"A closed-form solution for source localization using FDOA measurements only","volume":"27","author":"Pei","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4839","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2020.3016133","article-title":"Localization of a moving source by frequency measurements","volume":"68","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.120561","article-title":"AIS-based maritime anomaly traffic detection: A review","volume":"231","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0014","series-title":"FDOA-Based Passive Source Localization: A Geometric Perspective","author":"Cameron","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2023.3260181","article-title":"Source localization by frequency measurements in unknown signal propagation speed environments","volume":"59","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9642","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249642","article-title":"Emitter location using frequency difference of arrival measurements only","volume":"22","author":"Khalaf-Allah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0017","first-page":"1","article-title":"Analysis of baseline impact on differential Doppler positioning and performance improvement method for LEO opportunistic navigation","volume":"72","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0018","unstructured":"J. Duflot, M. Cheney, J.A. Given, Two-dimensional frequency-difference-of-arrival varieties, 2024. arXiv: 2403.16805."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S1000-9361(11)60437-8","article-title":"A linear-correction least-squares approach for geolocation using FDOA measurements only","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Aeronaut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2020.2986756","article-title":"A joint TDOA-PDOA localization approach using particle swarm optimization","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2024.3462594","article-title":"Moving source localization using frequency difference of arrival measurements only","volume":"74","author":"Pei","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.3390\/rs17071266","article-title":"Bayesian FDOA positioning with correlated measurement noise","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0023","series-title":"Using Algebraic Geometry","author":"Cox","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1090\/S0025-5718-1995-1262279-2","article-title":"Polynomial roots from companion matrix eigenvalues","volume":"64","author":"Edelman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Math. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0025","series-title":"Fundamentals Of Statistical Signal Processing, Volume I: Estimation Theory","author":"Kay","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688_bib0026","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Signal Process.","first-page":"1876","article-title":"Geolocation of a known altitude target using Azimuth angle measurements","author":"Li","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Signal Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165168426002021?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165168426002021?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T04:45:41Z","timestamp":1780548341000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165168426002021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["S0165168426002021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-1684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-1684","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Algebraic FDOA-only geolocation with three observers","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Signal Processing","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110688","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110688"}}