{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T12:17:03Z","timestamp":1783167423194,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001459","name":"Government of Singapore Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOE-T2EP50122-0018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOE-T2EP50122-0018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001459","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Signal Processing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T03:18:03Z","timestamp":1778728683000},"page":"110695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Reinforcement learning-based selective fixed-filter active noise control (RL-SFANC): From theory to real-time headphone implementation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"248","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2694-5059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengding","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7645-0115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haozhe","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boxiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongyuan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woon-Seng","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2012.08.013","article-title":"Advances in active noise control: a survey, with emphasis on recent nonlinear techniques","volume":"93","author":"George","year":"2013","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2024.109627","article-title":"M-estimate based diffusion active noise control algorithm over distributed networks and its performance analysis","volume":"225","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1109\/5.763310","article-title":"Active noise control: a tutorial review","volume":"87","author":"Kuo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2025.112915","article-title":"A stepwise simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation algorithm for stability improvement of active noise control systems","volume":"237","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0005","series-title":"Understanding Active Noise Cancellation","author":"Hansen","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2021.108050","article-title":"Wave-domain active noise control over distributed networks of multi-channel nodes","volume":"184","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0007","unstructured":"P. Lueg, Process of Silencing Sound Oscillations, US Patent 2043416 (1936)."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2009.2030948","article-title":"Integrated active noise control and noise reduction in hearing aids","volume":"18","author":"Serizel","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0009","series-title":"2011 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","first-page":"417","article-title":"Active noise control in headsets: a new approach for broadband feedback ANC","author":"Schumacher","year":"2011"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2016.2516439","article-title":"A simplified subband ANC algorithm without secondary path modeling","volume":"24","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1109\/87.880596","article-title":"Active noise control of a duct using robust control theory","volume":"8","author":"Carmona","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0012","series-title":"ICASSP 2024 - 2024 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","first-page":"1056","article-title":"Effect of target signals and delays on spatially selective active noise control for open-fitting hearables","author":"Xiao","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2022.3169428","article-title":"A hybrid SFANC-FxNLMS algorithm for active noise control based on deep learning","volume":"29","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"issue":"4_supplement","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0022860","article-title":"A combined method for multi-channel active noise control based on online adaptive estimation and offline convolutional neural network","volume":"154","author":"Xiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2023.3261742","article-title":"Distributed active noise control based on an augmented diffusion FxLMS algorithm","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0016","series-title":"2023 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics (WASPAA)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adaptive sparse linear prediction in fixed-filter ANC headphone applications for multi-speaker speech reduction","author":"Iotov","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2018.2795756","article-title":"Active noise control over space: a wave domain approach","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0018","article-title":"Adaptive narrowband active noise control trained by genetic algorithm","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2025.110670","article-title":"Creating personal sound zones in car cabins with active noise control","volume":"235","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0020","first-page":"1479","article-title":"Feedforward selective fixed-filter active noise control: algorithm and implementation","volume":"28","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2023.109505","article-title":"Selective fixed-filter active noise control based on frequency response matching in headphones","volume":"211","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2024.3465889","article-title":"Spatial-frequency-based selective fixed-filter algorithm for multichannel active noise control","volume":"31","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2021.108317","article-title":"Selective fixed-filter active noise control based on convolutional neural network","volume":"190","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12112511","article-title":"Low-power FPGA realization of lightweight active noise cancellation with CNN noise classification","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2024.111364","article-title":"Real-time implementation and explainable AI analysis of delayless CNN-based selective fixed-filter active noise control","volume":"214","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2023.3244528","article-title":"Low-latency active noise control using attentive recurrent network","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2023.110940","article-title":"Enhancing active noise control of road noise using deep neural network to update secondary path estimate in real time","volume":"206","author":"Oh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2024.108811","article-title":"Enhancing active noise control through stacked autoencoders: training strategies, comparative analysis, and evaluation with practical setup","volume":"135","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.105971","article-title":"DNoiseNet: deep learning-based feedback active noise control in various noisy environments","volume":"121","author":"Cha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2023.104885","article-title":"Deep learning-based active noise control on construction sites","volume":"151","author":"Mostafavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2021.3130023","article-title":"A secondary path-decoupled active noise control algorithm based on deep learning","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0032","series-title":"ICASSP 2024 - 2024 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","first-page":"981","article-title":"Cognitive virtual sensing technique for feedforward active noise control","author":"Xie","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0033","series-title":"ICASSP 2025 - 2025 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Transferable selective virtual sensing active noise control technique based on metric learning","author":"Wang","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0034","series-title":"ICASSP 2024-2024 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","first-page":"441","article-title":"Unsupervised learning based end-to-end delayless generative fixed-filter active noise control","author":"Luo","year":"2024"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1007\/s12239-024-00102-x","article-title":"Narrowband active noise control with DDPG based on reinforcement learning","volume":"25","author":"Ryu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Automot. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0036","series-title":"Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction","author":"Sutton","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0037","unstructured":"H. Ma, Z. Luo, T.V. Vo, K. Sima, T.-Y. Leong, Highly efficient self-adaptive reward shaping for reinforcement learning, (2024). arXiv: 2408.03029."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2021.108039","article-title":"A survey on active noise control in the past decade\u2014Part I: linear systems","volume":"183","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2024.109525","article-title":"A survey on adaptive active noise control algorithms overcoming the output saturation effect","volume":"222","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0037087","article-title":"Dynamic neural network switching for active control of nonlinear systems","volume":"158","author":"Pike","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0041","series-title":"2017 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","first-page":"421","article-title":"Very deep convolutional neural networks for raw waveforms","author":"Dai","year":"2017"},{"issue":"7540","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14236","article-title":"Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning","volume":"518","author":"Mnih","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695_bib0043","series-title":"Optimal Control Theory: An Introduction","author":"Kirk","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["Signal Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165168426002094?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165168426002094?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T11:33:10Z","timestamp":1783164790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165168426002094"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S0165168426002094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-1684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-1684","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Reinforcement learning-based selective fixed-filter active noise control (RL-SFANC): From theory to real-time headphone implementation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Signal Processing","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110695","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110695"}}