{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T16:45:39Z","timestamp":1782492339683,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Signal Processing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T06:11:36Z","timestamp":1781935896000},"page":"110777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["MDB-DPL:Multi-scale deep block-Diagonal dictionary pair learning with feature adaptation for SAR target recognition"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"250","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1456-2859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinghui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xizhan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6019-1986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quansen","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0001","article-title":"Scattering-guided class-irrelevant filtering for adversarially robust SAR automatic target recognition","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2024.109558","article-title":"SAR Target recognition through adaptive kernel sparse representation model based on local contrast perception","volume":"223","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2025.3610919","article-title":"A unified SAM-guided self-prompt learning framework for infrared small target detection","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2025.3552760","article-title":"Reason and discovery: a new paradigm for open set recognition","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0005","article-title":"Adaptive mixture-of-experts distillation for cross-satellite generalizable incremental remote sensing scene classification","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2015.12.018","article-title":"Automatic target recognition with joint sparse representation of heterogeneous multi-view SAR images over a locally adaptive dictionary","volume":"126","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0007","series-title":"Asian Conference on Pattern Recognition","first-page":"149","article-title":"Training-free multi-style fusion through reference-based adaptive modulation","author":"Liu","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0008","first-page":"1","article-title":"Model-informed multistage unsupervised network for hyperspectral image super-resolution","volume":"62","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0009","article-title":"Enhanced deep image prior for unsupervised hyperspectral image super-resolution","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0010","first-page":"1","article-title":"HOG-ShipClsnet: a novel deep learning network with hog feature fusion for SAR ship classification","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2021.108365","article-title":"A polarization fusion network with geometric feature embedding for SAR ship classification","volume":"123","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6615","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2022.3195074","article-title":"LW-CMDANet: A novel attention network for SAR automatic target recognition","volume":"15","author":"Lang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"issue":"04","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1142\/S1464333225500139","article-title":"Bayesian gaussian process predictions of chongqing carbon market prices","volume":"27","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Assess. Policy Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0014","first-page":"1","article-title":"China commodity price index (CCPI) forecasting via the neural network","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Financ. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1142\/S1752890925500084","article-title":"High-frequency CSI300 spot and futures price predictions via the neural network","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Uncertain Syst."},{"issue":"02","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0016","article-title":"Late and early indica rice\u2019s price forecasts through neural networks","volume":"7","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Big Data Min. Glob. Warm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0017","article-title":"Thermal coal price forecasting via the neural network","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intell. Syst. Appl."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s13563-024-00472-9","article-title":"Forecasts of coking coal futures price indices through gaussian process regressions","volume":"38","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Miner. Econ."},{"issue":"04","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0019","article-title":"Machine learning coffee price predictions","volume":"17","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Uncertain Syst."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-025-02080-3","article-title":"Predictions of residential property price indices for china via machine learning models: b. jin, x. xu","volume":"59","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Qual. Quant."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0021","first-page":"1","article-title":"Employing gaussian process regression with bayesian inference to predict the living-materials producer price index in china","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Qual. Quant."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0022","article-title":"Predicting the trading volume of the thermal coal futures through gaussian process regressions","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Uncertain Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1142\/S308284142550008X","article-title":"A study of contemporaneous residential real estate price causation across major jiangsu province cities: methodology using vector error-correction models and directed acyclic graphs","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Econ. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2024.109670","article-title":"A novel multi-layer discriminative dictionary learning approach for image classification","volume":"226","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2025.109886","article-title":"TDU-DLNet: A transformer-based deep unfolding network for dictionary learning","volume":"231","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0026","article-title":"Projective dictionary pair learning for pattern classification","volume":"27","author":"Gu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6281","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.2976203","article-title":"Multiscale supervised kernel dictionary learning for SAR target recognition","volume":"58","author":"Tao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0028","first-page":"1","article-title":"SAR Target open-set recognition based on joint training of class-specific sub-dictionary learning","volume":"21","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2020.3008212","article-title":"Convolutional neural network-based dictionary learning for SAR target recognition","volume":"18","author":"Tao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0030","series-title":"IGARSS 2024-2024 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","first-page":"11235","article-title":"CNN-Enhanced Deep sparse representation network for polarimetric SAR image classification","author":"Shi","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0031","series-title":"2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS","first-page":"3601","article-title":"Hierarchical nonlinear dictionary learning with convolutional neural networks: application to SAR target recognition","author":"Tao","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2020.01.101","article-title":"Cost-sensitive joint feature and dictionary learning for face recognition","volume":"391","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.08.146","article-title":"Fisher discrimination dictionary pair learning for image classification","volume":"269","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0034","series-title":"International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks","first-page":"87","article-title":"Deep dictionary pair learning for SAR image classification","author":"Wei","year":"2022"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3111","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2017.2712801","article-title":"Discriminative block-diagonal representation learning for image recognition","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3645","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3053941","article-title":"Relaxed block-diagonal dictionary pair learning with locality constraint for image recognition","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2019.2895656","article-title":"Sea ice change detection in SAR images based on convolutional-wavelet neural networks","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2023.3332137","article-title":"HDSS-Net: A novel hierarchically designed network with spherical space classifier for ship recognition in SAR images","volume":"61","author":"Shang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2024.3421269","article-title":"Feature joint learning for SAR target recognition","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-019-2772-5","article-title":"FUSAR-Ship: Building a high-resolution SAR-AIS matchup dataset of gaofen-3 for ship detection and recognition","volume":"63","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. China Inf. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2904","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15112904","article-title":"SCM: A searched convolutional metaformer for SAR ship classification","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0042","first-page":"906","article-title":"SAR-AIRcraft-1.0: High-resolution SAR aircraft detection and recognition dataset","volume":"12","author":"Zhirui","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Radars"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0043","first-page":"1","article-title":"SCAN: Scattering characteristics analysis network for few-shot aircraft classification in high-resolution SAR images","volume":"60","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0044","first-page":"1","article-title":"SAR Ship target recognition via multiscale feature attention and adaptive-weighed classifier","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0045","series-title":"IGARSS 2024-2024 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","first-page":"9113","article-title":"Mixed attention SAR ship recognition network with robust background interference","author":"Lyu","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2022.3224452","article-title":"Dual-polarized SAR ship grained classification based on CNN with hybrid channel feature loss","volume":"19","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4346","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2018.1562586","article-title":"A novel group squeeze excitation sparsely connected convolutional networks for SAR target classification","volume":"40","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29078","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3058188","article-title":"Dual-polarization SAR ship target recognition based on mini hourglass region extraction and dual-channel efficient fusion network","volume":"9","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0049","first-page":"1","article-title":"Squeeze-and-excitation laplacian pyramid network with dual-polarization feature fusion for ship classification in SAR images","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0050","article-title":"Multi-Feature collaborative fusion network with deep supervision for SAR ship classification","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0051","first-page":"1","article-title":"Metaboost: a novel heterogeneous DCNNs ensemble network with two-stage filtration for SAR ship classification","volume":"19","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15082138","article-title":"A dual-polarization information-guided network for SAR ship classification","volume":"15","author":"Shao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4806","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2016.2551720","article-title":"Target classification using the deep convolutional networks for SAR images","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14092150","article-title":"SAR-BagNet: an ante-hoc interpretable recognition model based on deep network for SAR image","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0055","first-page":"1","article-title":"Remote sensing image scene classification using multiscale feature fusion covariance network with octave convolution","volume":"60","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0056","first-page":"1","article-title":"SAR Automatic target recognition method based on multi-stream complex-valued networks","volume":"60","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0057","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multilevel attention networks for synthetic aperture radar automatic target recognition","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0058","article-title":"MPRANet: Multi-scale perception and reference attention network for lightweight SAR target recognition","author":"Qian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777_bib0059","article-title":"Active multikernel sparse representation for synthetic aperture radar automatic target recognition","author":"Tong","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."}],"container-title":["Signal Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165168426002902?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165168426002902?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T15:46:05Z","timestamp":1782488765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165168426002902"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["S0165168426002902"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-1684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-1684","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"MDB-DPL:Multi-scale deep block-Diagonal dictionary pair learning with feature adaptation for SAR target recognition","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Signal Processing","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sigpro.2026.110777","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110777"}}