{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T20:11:24Z","timestamp":1776197484110,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006606","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25JCQNJC00610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25JCQNJC00610"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006606","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25JCZDJC00650"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25JCZDJC00650"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62503359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62503359"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T08:24:15Z","timestamp":1774599855000},"page":"103283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Task allocation and path planning for multi-UAV search and rescue in complex environments"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"149","author":[{"given":"Guoyuan","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yaning","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5112-0561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2025.122172","article-title":"Multiple unmanned sailboats cooperative coverage: task allocation and path planning in island environments","volume":"339","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b2","article-title":"Efficient rescues at sea: A hierarchical framework of time-sensitive rescue scheduling and motion planning for unmanned surface vehicles","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse12010126","article-title":"Unlocking the ocean 6G: A review of path-planning techniques for maritime data harvesting assisted by autonomous marine vehicles","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2025.3528390","article-title":"A gossip-based auction algorithm for decentralized task rescheduling in heterogeneous drone swarms","author":"Eser","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.123023","article-title":"Cooperative task allocation with simultaneous arrival and resource constraint for multi-UAV using a genetic algorithm","volume":"245","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13340","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3541715","article-title":"DNN task assignment in UAV networks: A generative AI enhanced multi-agent reinforcement learning approach","volume":"12","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2019.06.024","article-title":"Fast task allocation for heterogeneous unmanned aerial vehicles through reinforcement learning","volume":"92","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2935201","article-title":"Multi-agent reinforcement learning-based resource allocation for UAV networks","volume":"19","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2024.104898","article-title":"Energy-aware multi-robot task scheduling using meta-heuristic optimization methods for ambiently-powered robot swarms","volume":"186","author":"Mokhtari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b10","article-title":"Why it does not work? Metaheuristic task allocation approaches in fog-enabled internet of drones","volume":"133","author":"Javanmardi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Simul. Model. Pr. Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2024.104762","article-title":"On a dynamic and decentralized energy-aware technique for multi-robot task allocation","volume":"180","author":"Bagchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b12","article-title":"User-defined weight based multi objective task scheduling in cloud using whale optimization algorithm","volume":"133","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Simul. Model. Pr. Theory"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6225","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3341878","article-title":"Multi-UAV collaborative dynamic task allocation method based on ISOM and attention mechanism","volume":"73","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b14","article-title":"Priority-aware task assignment and path planning for efficient and load-balanced multi-UAV operation","volume":"42","author":"Poudel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Veh. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.118321","article-title":"Research on task allocation for multi-type task of unmanned surface vehicles","volume":"308","author":"Zhuang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17281","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3535641","article-title":"Heterogeneous multi-agent task allocation based on graph-based convolutional assignment neural network","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2024.107986","article-title":"Communication-efficient heterogeneous multi-UAV task allocation based on clustering","volume":"229","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b18","series-title":"2019 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems","first-page":"636","article-title":"Multi-UAV based autonomous wilderness search and rescue using target iso-probability curves","author":"Kashino","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144381","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2944881","article-title":"Task assignment algorithm for road patrol by multiple UAVs with multiple bases and rechargeable endurance","volume":"7","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6807","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3062500","article-title":"Reinforcement learning and particle swarm optimization supporting real-time rescue assignments for multiple autonomous underwater vehicles","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1109\/TSSC.1968.300136","article-title":"A formal basis for the heuristic determination of minimum cost paths","volume":"4","author":"Hart","year":"1968","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Sci. Cybern."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01386390","article-title":"A note on two problems in connexion with graphs","volume":"1","author":"Edsger","year":"1959","journal-title":"Numer. Math."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cja.2024.11.011","article-title":"A LODBO algorithm for multi-UAV search and rescue path planning in disaster areas","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. J. Aeronaut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2024.104748","article-title":"Cooperative path planning study of distributed multi-mobile robots based on optimised ACO algorithm","volume":"179","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2024.112025","article-title":"Minimum time search using ant colony optimization for multiple fixed-wing UAVs in dynamic environments","volume":"165","author":"Motamedi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-022-06998-9","article-title":"Optimal path planning for drones based on swarm intelligence algorithm","volume":"34","author":"Saeed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2021.103949","article-title":"Enhanced ant colony algorithm with communication mechanism for mobile robot path planning","volume":"148","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1109\/TETCI.2024.3369485","article-title":"Path planning for unmanned aerial vehicle via off-policy reinforcement learning with enhanced exploration","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput. Intell."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2022.06.019","article-title":"Ant colony optimization for path planning in search and rescue operations","volume":"305","author":"Morin","year":"2023","journal-title":"European J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.126867","article-title":"Research on global trajectory planning for UAV based on the information interaction and aging mechanism wolfpack algorithm","volume":"273","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12505","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3137331","article-title":"Autonomous UAV path-planning optimization using metaheuristic approach for predisaster assessment","volume":"9","author":"Qadir","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b32","article-title":"Autonomous path planning via sand cat swarm optimization with multi-strategy mechanism for unmanned aerial vehicles in dynamic environment","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2025.112969","article-title":"An adaptive heuristic algorithm with a collaborative search framework for multi-UAV inspection planning","volume":"174","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6682","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2021.3088776","article-title":"Unmanned-aerial-vehicle routing problem with mobile charging stations for assisting search and rescue missions in postdisaster scenarios","volume":"52","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man, Cybern.: Syst."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15391","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3297837","article-title":"An adaptive conversion speed Q-learning algorithm for search and rescue UAV path planning in unknown environments","volume":"72","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2024.104727","article-title":"Learning-based methods for adaptive informative path planning","volume":"179","author":"Popovi\u0107","year":"2024","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2024.104730","article-title":"UAV path planning algorithm based on deep Q-Learning to search for a floating lost target in the ocean","volume":"179","author":"Boulares","year":"2024","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2024.104822","article-title":"Improved ACO algorithm fused with improved Q-learning algorithm for bessel curve global path planning of search and rescue robots","volume":"182","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2021.107408","article-title":"African vultures optimization algorithm: A new nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithm for global optimization problems","volume":"158","author":"Abdollahzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00366-022-01604-x","article-title":"Sand cat swarm optimization: A nature-inspired algorithm to solve global optimization problems","volume":"39","author":"Seyyedabbasi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2024.111850","article-title":"Optimization based on the smart behavior of plants with its engineering applications: Ivy algorithm","volume":"295","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Knowl.-Based Syst."}],"container-title":["Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1569190X26000328?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1569190X26000328?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T19:14:14Z","timestamp":1776194054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1569190X26000328"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S1569190X26000328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283","relation":{},"ISSN":["1569-190X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1569-190X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Task allocation and path planning for multi-UAV search and rescue in complex environments","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.simpat.2026.103283","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103283"}}