{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T09:01:35Z","timestamp":1773219695747,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Systems Architecture"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T17:05:18Z","timestamp":1772557518000},"page":"103757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["ZTL: A block layer ZNS driver"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"175","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3132-4544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Sass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3083-2775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Brinkmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1657-4052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matias","family":"Bj\u00f8rling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5071-2861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xubin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3786-7102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Salkhordeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b1","unstructured":"S. Lee, M. Liu, S.W. Jun, S. Xu, J. Kim, Arvind, Application-Managed Flash, in: 14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST), Santa Clara, CA, USA, February 22-25, 2016, pp. 339\u2013353."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1145\/2380656.2380672","article-title":"Anatomy of a solid-state drive","volume":"55","author":"Cornwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1145\/1089733.1089735","article-title":"Algorithms and data structures for flash memories","volume":"37","author":"Gal","year":"2005","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b4","series-title":"14th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies, FAST 2016, Santa Clara, CA, USA, February 22-25","first-page":"95","article-title":"The Devil Is in the Details: Implementing Flash Page Reuse with WOM Codes","author":"Margaglia","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b5","unstructured":"M. Bj\u00f8rling, P. Bonnet, L. Bouganim, N. Dayan, The Necessary Death of the Block Device Interface, in: Sixth Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research (CIDR), Asilomar, CA, USA, January 6-9, 2013."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b6","series-title":"Sixth International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS), San Jose, California, USA, October 4-7","first-page":"86","article-title":"eNVy: A Non-Volatile, Main Memory Storage System","author":"Wu","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b7","unstructured":"J. Yang, N. Plasson, G. Gillis, N. Talagala, S. Sundararaman, Don\u2019t Stack Your Log On My Log, in: 2nd Workshop on Interactions of NVM\/Flash with Operating Systems and Workloads (INFLOW), Broomfield, CO, USA, October 5, 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b8","unstructured":"D.R. Purandare, P. Wilcox, H. Litz, S. Finkelstein, Append is Near: Log-based Data Management on ZNS SSDs, in: 12th Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research (CIDR), Chaminade, CA, USA, January 9-12, 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b9","unstructured":"S. Oh, J. Kim, S. Han, J. Kim, S. Lee, S.H. Noh, MIDAS: Minimizing Write Amplification in Log-Structured Systems through Adaptive Group Number and Size Configuration, in: 22nd USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST\u201924), Santa Clara, CA, USA, February 27-29, 2024, pp. 259\u2013275."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b10","unstructured":"M. Bj\u00f8rling, J. Gonz\u00e1lez, P. Bonnet, LightNVM: The Linux Open-Channel SSD Subsystem, in: 15th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST), Santa Clara, CA, USA, February 27 - March 2, 2017, pp. 359\u2013374."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b11","series-title":"NVM Express\u00ae Zoned Namespace Command Set Specification v1.1c.","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b12","series-title":"ZenFS, Zones and RocksDB Who likes to take out the garbage anyway?","author":"Holmberg","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b13","unstructured":"M. Bj\u00f8rling, A. Aghayev, H. Holmberg, A. Ramesh, D.L. Moal, G.R. Ganger, G. Amvrosiadis, ZNS: Avoiding the Block Interface Tax for Flash-based SSDs, in: 2021 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC), July 14-16, 2021, pp. 689\u2013703."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b14","series-title":"14th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems (HotStorage), June 27 - 28","first-page":"93","article-title":"Compaction-aware zone allocation for LSM based key-value store on ZNS SSDs","author":"Lee","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b15","series-title":"14th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems (HotStorage), June 27 - 28","first-page":"100","article-title":"Lifetime-leveling LSM-tree compaction for ZNS SSD","author":"Jung","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b16","first-page":"45:1","article-title":"SplitZNS: Towards an Efficient LSM-Tree on Zoned Namespace SSDs","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Arch. Code Optim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b17","series-title":"IEEE 40th International Conference on Computer Design, ICCD 2022, Olympic Valley, CA, USA, October 23-26","first-page":"411","article-title":"ZNSKV: Reducing Data Migration in LSMT-Based KV Stores on ZNS SSDs","author":"Wu","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b18","series-title":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), Orlando, FL, USA, December 15-18","first-page":"5919","article-title":"Exploring Index Structures for Zoned Namespaces SSDs","author":"Jin","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b19","series-title":"IEEE International Conference on Big Data, Big Data 2022, Osaka, Japan, December 17-20","first-page":"6772","article-title":"Revisiting LSM-Tree-Based Key-Value Stores for ZNS SSDs","author":"Lu","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b20","series-title":"dm-zap","author":"Maisenbacher","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b21","series-title":"Dm-zoned","author":"Snitzer","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b22","series-title":"SPDK v21.04: ZNS NVMe bdev, PMR, ADQ initiator, RPM","author":"Zawadzki","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b23","series-title":"Proceedings of the 13th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST), Santa Clara, CA, USA, February 16-19","first-page":"273","article-title":"F2FS: A New File System for Flash Storage","author":"Lee","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1145\/2501620.2501623","article-title":"BTRFS: The Linux B-Tree Filesystem","volume":"9","author":"Rodeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Storage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b25","series-title":"Zoned storage and filesystems","author":"Edge","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b26","series-title":"A new deadline I\/O scheduler","author":"Corbet","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b27","series-title":"4.16 Merge window part 1","author":"Corbet","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b28","series-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, ASPLOS 2009, Washington, DC, USA, March 7-11","first-page":"229","article-title":"DFTL: a flash translation layer employing demand-based selective caching of page-level address mappings","author":"Gupta","year":"2009"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15:1","DOI":"10.1145\/2905054","article-title":"Exploiting Sequential and Temporal Localities to Improve Performance of NAND Flash-Based SSDs","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Storage"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2002.1010143","article-title":"A space-efficient flash translation layer for CompactFlash systems","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1145\/1453775.1453783","article-title":"LAST: locality-aware sector translation for NAND flash memory-based storage systems","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACM SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Kim, D.H. Kang, B. Ha, H. Cho, Y.I. Eom, MAST: Multi-Level Associated Sector Translation for NAND Flash Memory-Based Storage System, in: Computer Science and Its Applications, Berlin, Heidelberg, ISBN: 978-3-662-45402-2, 2015, pp. 817\u2013822.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45402-2_116"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2011.2157115","article-title":"Data management and layout for shingled magnetic recording","volume":"47","author":"Amer","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b34","series-title":"Zone write plugging","author":"LeMoal","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b35","series-title":"Zoned Storage","author":"Le Moal","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b36","series-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGOPS 30th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, (SOSP) 2024, Austin, TX, USA, November 4-6","first-page":"313","article-title":"BIZA: Design of Self-Governing Block-Interface ZNS AFA for Endurance and Performance","author":"Yi","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b37","series-title":"17th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI), Boston, MA, USA, July 10-12","article-title":"eZNS: An Elastic Zoned Namespace for Commodity ZNS SSDs","author":"Min","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b38","series-title":"IEEE International Conference on Networking, Architecture and Storage (NAS), Riverside, CA, USA, October 24-26","article-title":"Constant Time Garbage Collection in SSDs","author":"Salkhordeh","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3637488","article-title":"WA-Zone: Wear-Aware Zone Management Optimization for LSM-Tree on ZNS SSDs","volume":"21","author":"Long","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Arch. Code Optim.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1544-3566","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b40","article-title":"Efficient Wear-Leveling-Aware Data Placement for LSM-Tree based key-value store on ZNS SSDs","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b41","unstructured":"J. Kang, J. Hyun, H. Maeng, S. Cho, The Multi-streamed Solid-State Drive, in: 6th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems, HotStorage \u201914, Philadelphia, PA, USA, June 17-18, 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b42","series-title":"NVM express\u00ae technical proposal: TP4146 flexible data placement","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b43","series-title":"10th Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research, CIDR 2020, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, January 12-15, Online Proceedings","article-title":"Open-Channel SSD (What is it Good For)","author":"Picoli","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b44","series-title":"RocksDB: Zenfs storage backend. Repository on GitHub","author":"Holmberg","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"U. Maheshwari, From blocks to rocks: a natural extension of zoned namespaces, in: HotStorage \u201921: 13th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems, Virtual Event, USA, July 27-28, 2021, pp. 21\u201327.","DOI":"10.1145\/3465332.3470870"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26:1","DOI":"10.1145\/3483840","article-title":"RocksDB: Evolution of Development Priorities in a Key-value Store Serving Large-scale Applications","volume":"17","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Storage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b47","series-title":"2022 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (ATC), Carlsbad, CA, USA, July 11-13","first-page":"1","article-title":"ZNSwap: un-Block your Swap","author":"Bergman","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Kim, J. Jeon, N. Arora, H. Li, M. Kaminsky, D.G. Andersen, G.R. Ganger, G. Amvrosiadis, M. Bj\u00f8rling, RAIZN: Redundant Array of Independent Zoned Namespaces, in: Proceedings of the 28th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 2, ASPLOS 2023, Vancouver, BC, Canada, March 25-29, 2023, pp. 660\u2013673.","DOI":"10.1145\/3575693.3575746"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Q. Wang, P.P.C. Lee, ZapRAID: Toward High-Performance RAID for ZNS SSDs via Zone Append, in: Proceedings of the 14th ACM SIGOPS Asia-Pacific Workshop on Systems, APSys 2023, Seoul, Republic of Korea, August 24-25, 2023, 2023, pp. 24\u201329.","DOI":"10.1145\/3609510.3609810"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b50","series-title":"dm-zoned Device Mapper Userspace Tool","author":"Le Moal","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b51","series-title":"Btrfs on zoned block devices","author":"Rybczy\u0144ska","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b52","series-title":"ZNS Support for Btrfs","author":"Aota","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b53","series-title":"An f2fs teardown","author":"Brown","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b54","series-title":"WHAT IS Flash-Friendly File System (F2FS)?","author":"Yu","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b55","series-title":"Proceedings of the 15th ACM\/USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems (HotStorage), Boston, MA, USA, 9 July","first-page":"102","article-title":"Is Garbage Collection Overhead Gone? Case study of F2FS on ZNS SSDs","author":"Seo","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b56","series-title":"NVM Express\u00ae Base Specification v2.0c.","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b57","series-title":"ext4 General Information","author":"Wong","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b58","unstructured":"A. Mathur, M. Cao, S. Bhattacharya, A. Dilger, L. Vivier, The new ext4 filesystem: current status and future plans, in: Proceedings of the Ottawa Linux Symposium, Ottawa, Canada, June 27 - 30, 2007."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b59","unstructured":"M.I. Seltzer, P.M. Chen, J.K. Ousterhout, Disk Scheduling Revisited, in: Proceedings of the Winter 1990 USENIX Conference, Washington D.C., USA, Jan 22 -26, 1990, pp. 313\u2013324."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b60","series-title":"fio - Flexible I\/O tester rev. 3.38","author":"Axboe","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b61","series-title":"Western digital ultrastar\u00ae DC zn540 data sheet","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b62","series-title":"983 DCT series enterprise SSD product information","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b63","article-title":"Filebench: A Flexible Framework for File System Benchmarking","volume":"41","author":"Tarasov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Login Usenix Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b64","series-title":"YCSB-cpp: YCSB written in C++ for LevelDB, RocksDB and LMDB","author":"Lee","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B.F. Cooper, A. Silberstein, E. Tam, R. Ramakrishnan, R. Sears, Benchmarking cloud serving systems with YCSB, in: Proceedings of the 1st ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing, SoCC 2010, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, June 10-11, 2010, pp. 143\u2013154.","DOI":"10.1145\/1807128.1807152"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Li, Q. Wang, P.P.C. Lee, C. Shi, An In-Depth Analysis of Cloud Block Storage Workloads in Large-Scale Production, in: IEEE International Symposium on Workload Characterization, Beijing, China, October 27-30, 2020, pp. 37\u201347.","DOI":"10.1109\/IISWC50251.2020.00013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757_b67","series-title":"Alibaba Block Traces","author":"Wang","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["Journal of Systems Architecture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1383762126000755?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1383762126000755?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T11:08:47Z","timestamp":1773140927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1383762126000755"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["S1383762126000755"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757","relation":{},"ISSN":["1383-7621"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1383-7621","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"ZTL: A block layer ZNS driver","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Systems Architecture","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103757","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103757"}}