{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T12:22:03Z","timestamp":1783167723433,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62441234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62441234"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62532005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62532005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFA1000600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFA1000600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Systems Architecture"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T06:54:53Z","timestamp":1779346493000},"page":"103848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Efficient blockchain transaction execution by mitigating MPT I\/O overhead on the critical path"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"177","author":[{"given":"Ze","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chubo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leilei","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keqin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenli","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2023.3331823","article-title":"A secure and flexible blockchain-based offline payment protocol","volume":"73","author":"Jie","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2021.102344","article-title":"Teegraph: A blockchain consensus algorithm based on TEE and DAG for data sharing in IoT","volume":"122","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Syst. Archit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b3","article-title":"Blockchain-assisted provably secure identity-based public key encryption with keyword search scheme for medical data sharing","author":"Ghosh","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Syst. Archit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103781","article-title":"Supporting efficient and verifiable keyword queries on dynamic blockchain data","volume":"175","author":"Yin","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Syst. Archit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2022.102731","article-title":"A blockchain-based fine-grained data sharing scheme for e-healthcare system","volume":"132","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Syst. Archit."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2021.3079315","article-title":"Make web3.0 connected","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dependable Secur. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103701","article-title":"EdgeTrust-Shard: Hierarchical blockchain architecture for federated learning in cross-chain IoT ecosystems","author":"Tran","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Syst. Archit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2024.103163","article-title":"BFL-SA: Blockchain-based federated learning via enhanced secure aggregation","volume":"152","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Syst. Archit."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2025.3646060","article-title":"EBFL: An efficient blockchain framework for federated learning services","volume":"19","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b10","series-title":"SIGMOD \u201921: International Conference on Management of Data, Virtual Event","first-page":"2813","article-title":"Permissioned blockchains: Properties, techniques and applications","author":"Amiri","year":"2021"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2021.3072129","article-title":"Improving blockchains with client-assistance","volume":"71","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b12","series-title":"Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system","author":"Nakamoto","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b13","series-title":"Ethereum whitepaper","author":"Vitalik Buterin","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b14","series-title":"SOSP \u201921: ACM SIGOPS 28th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles","first-page":"570","article-title":"Forerunner: Constraint-based speculative transaction execution for ethereum","author":"Chen","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b15","series-title":"Proceedings of the 26th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles","first-page":"51","article-title":"Algorand: Scaling Byzantine agreements for cryptocurrencies","author":"Gilad","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2024.3351632","article-title":"Estuary: A low cross-shard blockchain sharding protocol based on state splitting","volume":"35","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2024.3376242","article-title":"SmartChain: A dynamic and self-adaptive sharding framework for IoT blockchain","volume":"17","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b18","series-title":"17th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation","first-page":"135","article-title":"LVMT: An efficient authenticated storage for blockchain","author":"Li","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b19","series-title":"Proceedings of the 41st ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation","first-page":"438","article-title":"Securing smart contract with runtime validation","author":"Li","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b20","series-title":"Advances in Cryptology - CRYPTO \u201987, a Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques","first-page":"369","article-title":"A digital signature based on a conventional encryption function","volume":"vol. 293","author":"Merkle","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b21","series-title":"10th USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems","article-title":"mLSM: Making authenticated storage faster in ethereum","author":"Raju","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2023.3346202","article-title":"LMPT: A novel authenticated data structure to eliminate storage bottlenecks for high performance blockchains","volume":"21","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b23","series-title":"2021 USENIX Annual Technical Conference","first-page":"333","article-title":"RainBlock: Faster transaction processing in public blockchains","author":"Ponnapalli","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2014","key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger","volume":"151","author":"Wood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ethereum Proj. Yellow Pap."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b25","series-title":"SIGMOD \u201921: International Conference on Management of Data","first-page":"1504","article-title":"Blockchains vs. Distributed databases: Dichotomy and fusion","author":"Ruan","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b26","series-title":"Networked Systems - 8th International Conference","first-page":"77","article-title":"Efficient concurrent execution of smart contracts in blockchains using object-based transactional memory","volume":"vol. 12129","author":"Anjana","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s10619-022-07412-y","article-title":"OptSmart: a space efficient optimistic concurrent execution of smart contracts","volume":"42","author":"Anjana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Distrib. Parallel Databases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b28","series-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing","first-page":"303","article-title":"Adding concurrency to smart contracts","author":"Dickerson","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b29","series-title":"57th ACM\/IEEE Design Automation Conference","first-page":"1","article-title":"BPU: A blockchain processing unit for accelerated smart contract execution","author":"Lu","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b30","series-title":"Proceedings of the 50th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture","first-page":"32:1","article-title":"An algorithm and architecture co-design for accelerating smart contracts in blockchain","author":"Pan","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b31","article-title":"A theory of transaction parallelism in blockchains","volume":"17","author":"Bartoletti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Log. Methods Comput. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b32","article-title":"DiPETrans: A framework for distributed parallel execution of transactions of blocks in blockchains","volume":"34","author":"Baheti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Concurr. Comput. Pr. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b33","series-title":"Proceedings of the Thirteenth EuroSys Conference","first-page":"30:1","article-title":"Hyperledger fabric: a distributed operating system for permissioned blockchains","author":"Androulaki","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b34","series-title":"Ethereum charts and statistics","author":"Etherscan","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b35","series-title":"The solidity contract-oriented programming language","author":"Github","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b36","series-title":"Eip-20: Token standard","author":"Ethereum Improvement Proposals","year":"2015"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2002.803864","article-title":"Compressed bloom filters","volume":"10","author":"Mitzenmacher","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b38","series-title":"Rocksdb: A persistent key-value store for flash and ram storage","author":"Facebook Database Engineering Team","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848_b39","series-title":"39th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems","first-page":"1476","article-title":"Resource allocation and consensus on edge blockchain in pervasive edge computing environments","author":"Huang","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Journal of Systems Architecture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1383762126001669?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1383762126001669?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T12:10:11Z","timestamp":1783167011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1383762126001669"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S1383762126001669"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848","relation":{},"ISSN":["1383-7621"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1383-7621","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Efficient blockchain transaction execution by mitigating MPT I\/O overhead on the critical path","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Systems Architecture","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sysarc.2026.103848","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103848"}}