{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T06:59:15Z","timestamp":1781161155345,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007567","name":"City University of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007567","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Telematics and Informatics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T14:52:35Z","timestamp":1776523955000},"page":"102401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Three models of big data governance: A comparative analysis of privacy policies of contact tracing apps in China, Singapore, and Germany"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Bian","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0010","first-page":"424","article-title":"Data governance: a conceptual framework, structured review, and research agenda","volume":"49","author":"Abraham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134577","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3010226","article-title":"A survey of COVID-19 contact tracing apps","volume":"8","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/03085147.2019.1690275","article-title":"Beyond surveillance capitalism: Privacy, regulation and big data in Europe and China","volume":"49","author":"Aho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Econ. Soc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.24908\/ss.v12i2.5242","article-title":"Big data surveillance: Introduction","volume":"12","author":"Andrejevic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surveillance & Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0005","unstructured":"Abdullah, Z. (2023, February 10). TraceTogether users can uninstall app, return tokens at CCs from Feb 13. The Straits Times. https:\/\/www.straitstimes.com\/singapore\/health\/tracetogether-safeentry-to-be-stepped-down-data-deleted."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfarrel, J. F., & Noerlina. (2022). Contact tracing applications during the pandemic era: A systematic literature review. 2022 International Conference on Information Management and Technology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICIMTech55957.2022.9915268.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIMTech55957.2022.9915268"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/35195","article-title":"Data management and privacy policy of COVID-19 contact-tracing apps: Systematic review and content analysis","volume":"10","author":"Bardus","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0050","first-page":"627","article-title":"When crisis meets preparation and discipline: Singapore's successful response to COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Berman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Washington University Global Studies Law Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2021.660823","article-title":"Digital contact tracing against COVID-19 in Europe: current features and ongoing developments","volume":"3","author":"Blasimme","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Digital Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basukie, J., Wang, Y., & Li, S. (2020). Big data governance and algorithmic management in sharing economy platforms: A case of ridesharing in emerging markets. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 161, 120310. https:\/\/doi.org\/ 10.1016\/j.techfore.2020.120310.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2020.120310"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0035","unstructured":"Baptista, E. (2022, August 12). Hacker offers to sell data of 48.5 million users of Shanghai\u2019s COVID app. Reuters. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/china\/hacker-offers-sell-data-485-mln-users-shanghais-covid-app-2022-08-12\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradford, A. (2023).Digital empires: The global battle to regulate technology. Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780197649268.001.0001"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jlb\/lsaa034","article-title":"COVID-19 contact tracing apps: a stress test for privacy, the GDPR, and data protection regimes","volume":"7","author":"Bradford","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Law Biosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/admsci10040081","article-title":"Trusted decision-making: Data governance for creating trust in data science decision outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Brous","year":"2020","journal-title":"Administrative Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brownsword, R., (2020). Law 3.0: Rules, regulation, and technology. Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003053835"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0080","unstructured":"Cai, V. (2023, February 20). What does China plan to do with mountain of personal health code data amassed during zero-Covid? South China Morning Post. https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/china\/politics\/article\/3210683\/what-does-china-plan-do-mountain-personal-health-code-data-amassed-during-zero-covid."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssaho.2021.100212","article-title":"Exploring the drivers and barriers to uptake for digital contact tracing","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Social Sciences & Humanities Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2022.2027502","article-title":"Red, yellow, green or golden: the post-pandemic future of China's health code apps","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0085","unstructured":"Chee, K. (2021, February1). Bill introduced to make clear TraceTogether, SafeEntry data can be used to look into only 7 types of serious crimes. The Straits Times. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.straitstimes.com\/singapore\/proposed-restrictions-to-safeguard-personal-contact-tracing-data-will-override-all-other. Accessed January 19, 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0100","unstructured":"ChinaNews. (2022, March 27). \u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u201c\u573a\u6240\u7801\u201d\uff1f\u4e0e\u5065\u5eb7\u7801\u6709\u4f55\u4e0d\u540c\uff1f\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\u4e86\u89e3. [What is a \u201csite code\u201d? How is it different from the Health Code? Let\u2019s learn together]. https:\/\/www.chinanews.com.cn\/sh\/2022\/03-27\/9712799.shtml."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0105","unstructured":"Ciucci, M., & Gouard\u2018eres, F. (2020, May 15). National COVID-19 contact tracing apps. European Parliament. https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/thinktank\/en\/document\/IPOL_BRI(2020)652711."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0110","unstructured":"Cyberspace Administration of China (2020, February 9). \u5173\u4e8e\u505a\u597d\u4e2a\u4eba\u4fe1\u606f\u4fdd\u62a4\u5229\u7528\u5927\u6570\u636e\u652f\u6491\u8054\u9632\u8054\u63a7\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u901a\u77e5. [Notice on effectively protecting personal information and utilizing big data to support joint prevention and control efforts]. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cac.gov.cn\/2020-02\/09\/c_1582791585580220.htm. Accessed January 18, 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0115","unstructured":"DAMA International (2009). The DAMA guide to the data management body of knowledge. Technics Publications, LLC."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0120","unstructured":"Dodds, A. (2018).Comparative public policy. Bloomsbury Publishing."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14318","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114318","article-title":"The German COVID-19 digital contact tracing app: a socioeconomic evaluation","volume":"19","author":"Ellmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0130","unstructured":"European Commission. (2020, April 17). Guidance on Apps supporting the fight against COVID-19 pandemic in relation to data protection. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:52020XC0417(08)."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-020-00544-9","article-title":"A qualitative study of big data and the opioid epidemic: recommendations for data governance","volume":"21","author":"Evans","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med. Ethics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0140","series-title":"Inventive Computation and Information Technologies","first-page":"379","article-title":"Responsible data sharing in the digital economy: big data governance adoption in bancassurance","author":"Eybers","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0145","unstructured":"Feki, M., & Boughzala, I. (2016, May 17-18). Big data governance: a literature review and research agenda [Paper presentation]. CIG 2016: 15i\u00e8me Conf\u00e9rence Internationale de Gouvernance de l'AAIG (Association Acad\u00e9mique Internationale de Gouvernance), Montpellier, France."},{"issue":"6491","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb6936","article-title":"Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 transmission suggests epidemic control with digital contact tracing","volume":"368","author":"Ferretti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/20570473221123150","article-title":"The third way of global internet governance: a dialogue with Terry Flew","volume":"7","author":"Flew","year":"2022","journal-title":"Communication and the Public"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frith, J., & Saker, M. (2020). It Is All About Location: Smartphones and Tracking the Spread of COVID-19. Social Media + Society, 6(3), 2056305120948257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2056305120948257.","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305120948257"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2015.11.023","article-title":"The interplay of institutions, actors and technologies in socio-technical systems \u2014 an analysis of transformations in the Australian urban water sector","volume":"103","author":"Fuenfschilling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1017\/S0010417500014481","article-title":"The state and the transformation of political legitimacy in East and West Germany since 1945","volume":"29","author":"Fulbrook","year":"1987","journal-title":"Comparative Studies in Society History"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0175","article-title":"Examining the cultural dimension of contact-tracing app adoption during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-country study in Singapore and Switzerland","volume":"1\u201321","author":"Geber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf. Commun. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/1329878X20949770","article-title":"COVID-19 apps in Singapore and Australia: reimagining healthy nations with digital technology","volume":"177","author":"Goggin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Media International Australia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0185","unstructured":"Government of Singapore. (2023, March 8). White Paper on Singapore\u2019s Response to COVID-19. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.gov.sg\/explainers\/covid-19-white-paper\/. Accessed January 18, 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0190","article-title":"Sharing is caring: willingness to share personal data through contact tracing apps in China, Germany, and the US","volume":"1\u201328","author":"Habich-Sobiegalla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0195","series-title":"Contact-Tracing Approaches to Fight COVID-19 Pandemic: Limits and Ethical Challenges","first-page":"1","author":"Hsaini","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0200","article-title":"To disclose or not to disclose? Factors related to the willingness to disclose information to a COVID-19 tracing app","volume":"1\u201325","author":"J\u00f6rling","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.785129","article-title":"SmartAirQ: a big data governance framework for urban air quality management in smart cities","volume":"10","author":"Kaginalkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0210","series-title":"Proceedings 15th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Workshop","article-title":"A privacy policy model for enterprises","author":"Karjoth","year":"2002"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2021.1883704","article-title":"Tracking bodies in question: Telecom companies, mobile data, and surveillance platforms in South Korea\u2019s epidemic governance","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf. Commun. Soc."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448211020752","article-title":"Engineering care in pandemic technogovernance: the politics of care in China and South Korea\u2019s COVID-19 tracking apps","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Media Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1177\/016224390202700102","article-title":"The social construction of technology: Structural considerations","volume":"27","author":"Klein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Hum. Values"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koch, S. (2023). An introduction to German legal culture. InKoch, S., Kj\u00f8lstad, M.M. (Eds.), Handbook on Legal Cultures: A Selection of the World's Legal Cultures(pp. 611-662). Cham: Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-27745-0_16"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0235","first-page":"146","article-title":"Jurisprudential analysis of \u201cthe first facial recognition case\u201d judgment (in chinese)","volume":"01","author":"Lao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Global Law Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/1329878X20949545","article-title":"Tracing surveillance and auto-regulation in Singapore: \u2018smart\u2019 responses to COVID-19","volume":"177","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Media International Australia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0245","unstructured":"Lessig, L. (2006). Code: Version 2.0. Basic Books."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0250","first-page":"46","article-title":"\u6570\u5b57\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd:\u9690\u85cf\u5728\u5065\u5eb7\u7801\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u529b\u91cf. [Digital infrastructure: the structural power hidden behind health codes]","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Shanghai Journalism Review"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0255","first-page":"85","article-title":"Right claims and judicial attitudes of privacy in information society: a content analysis of privacy infringement judgments (in chinese)","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Journalism & Communication"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1080\/17544750.2023.2242976","article-title":"Techno-biopolitics under a tentative \u201cstate of exception\u201d: the institutional logic of the digital governance of inbound travelers during the COVID-19 pandemic in China","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1002\/poi3.183","article-title":"Constructing a data-driven society: China\u2019s social credit system as a state surveillance infrastructure","volume":"10","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Policy Internet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, F. (2020). COVID-19 and Health Code: How digital platforms tackle the pandemic in China. Social Media + Society, 6(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2056305120947657.","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305120947657"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0275","unstructured":"Lieberthal, K. (1995) Governing China: From revolution through reform. W.W. Norton."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2023.108047","article-title":"A three-dimensional framework of perceiving privacy: a cross-national survey on contact tracing technology and privacy concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"152","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2478\/popets-2020-0004","article-title":"The privacy policy landscape after the GDPR","volume":"2020","author":"Linden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2014.6863131","article-title":"Toward efficient and privacy-preserving computing in big data era","volume":"28","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0295","unstructured":"Lyon, D. (2001). Surveillance society: Monitoring everyday life. Open University Press."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0300","first-page":"13","article-title":"Governing big data: Principles and practices","volume":"57(3\/4), 1: 1 \u20131","author":"Malik","year":"2013","journal-title":"IBM J. Res. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0305","article-title":"Between surveillance and technological solutionism: a critique of privacy-preserving apps for COVID-19 contact-tracing","author":"Mann","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Media Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211018783","article-title":"Big Tech platforms in health research: Re-purposing big data governance in light of the General Data Protection Regulation\u2019s research exemption","volume":"8","author":"Marelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Big Data Soc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1207\/s15427625tcq1402_5","article-title":"The rhetoric of misdirection in corporate privacy-policy statements","volume":"14","author":"Markel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tech. Commun. Q."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0320","first-page":"155","article-title":"Big data governance needs more collective responsibility: the role of harm mitigation in the governance of data use in medicine and beyond","volume":"28","author":"McMahon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Law Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0325","unstructured":"Ministry of Digital Development and Information. (2025, May 13). Government's personal data protection laws and policies. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mddi.gov.sg\/other-pages\/personal-data-protection-laws-and-policies. Accessed January 18, 2026."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/01292986.2021.1941151","article-title":"Restoration of mobility through mobile health: the digital health code as a technology of governance","volume":"31","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian J. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0335","article-title":"May 8). Compulsory TraceTogether check-ins at venues brought forward to May 17. the Straits","author":"Ng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Times"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2022.2131364","article-title":"Wear your digital mask, fight this virus like it\u2019s the enemy: pandemic user-citizenship as platform-infrastructure entanglements","volume":"26","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0345","unstructured":"Noyb. (2025, November 19). Digital Omnibus: EU Commission wants to wreck core GDPR principles. Retrieved from https:\/\/noyb.eu\/en\/digital-omnibus-eu-commission-wants-wreck-core-gdpr-principles. Accessed January 18, 2026."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1177\/001872678203501207","article-title":"Sociotechnical systems: a north American reflection on empirical studies of the seventies","volume":"35","author":"Pasmore","year":"1982","journal-title":"Hum. Relat."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2023.2232840","article-title":"Digital sovereignty or sovereignism? investigating the political discourse on digital contact tracing apps in France","volume":"27","author":"Pizzul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inf. Commun. Soc."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1093\/imammb\/dqac002","article-title":"Potential reduction in transmission of COVID-19 by digital contact tracing systems: a modelling study","volume":"39","author":"Plank","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mathematical Medicine and Biology: A Journal of the IMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-005-7898-3","article-title":"A typology of communicative strategies in online privacy policies: Ethics, power and informed consent","volume":"62","author":"Pollach","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-023-09730-w","article-title":"Digital twins, big data governance, and sustainable tourism","volume":"25","author":"Rahmadian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ethics Inf. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajah, J. (2012). Authoritarian rule of law: legislation, discourse, and legitimacy in Singapore. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511998201"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0380","article-title":"March 16)","author":"Ryan-Mosley","year":"2021","journal-title":"MIT Technology Review Covid Tracing Tracker."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0385","unstructured":"Robert Koch-Institut. (2023, April 23). Anzahl der Downloads der Corona-Warn-App \u00fcber den Apple App Store und den Google Play Store (kumuliert) in Deutschland von Juni 2020 bis April 2023. Retrieved from https:\/\/de.statista.com\/statistik\/daten\/studie\/1125951\/umfrage\/downloads-der-corona-warn-app\/. Accessed May 31, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0390","unstructured":"Shang, Z. (2022, November 17). \u75ab\u60c5\u4e09\u5e74:\u5fb7\u56fd\u662f\u600e\u6837\u4ece\u5c01\u63a7\u8d70\u5411\u5f00\u653e\u7684\uff1f[Three years of the pandemic: How Germany moved from lockdown to reopening]. Caixin. Retrieved from https:\/\/zhishifenzi.blog.caixin.com\/archives\/262250?originReferrer=caixinsearch_pc. Accessed January 18, 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0395","unstructured":"ShenzhenNews (2022, February 21). \u6df1\u5733\u63a8\u52a8\u201c\u573a\u6240\u7801\u201d\u5168\u8986\u76d6\uff01\u201c\u573a\u6240\u7801\u201d\u8be6\u7ec6\u64cd\u4f5c\u6307\u5f15. [Shenzhen Promotes Universal Adoption of \u201cVenue Code\u201d: Detailed Implementation Guidelines Released]. Retrieved from http:\/\/inanshan.sznews.com\/content\/2022-02\/21\/content_24944324.htm. Accessed January 18, 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0400","unstructured":"Si, X., Cai, R., & Cao, Z. (2022, July 14). \u4e2d\u56fd\u7f51\u7edc\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u4fe1\u606f\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u6982\u89c8. [Overview of China's Cybersecurity, Data Security, and Personal Information Protection Laws]. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.zhonglun.com\/research\/articles\/9181.html. Accessed January 18, 2026."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1177\/02673231211028377","article-title":"Trusting the Corona-Warn-App? Contemplations on trust and trustworthiness at the intersection of technology, politics and public debate","volume":"36","author":"Simon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0410","unstructured":"Smart Nation Singapore. (2023, May 31). Government\u2019s personal data protection laws and policies. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.smartnation.gov.sg\/about-smart-nation\/secure-smart-nation\/personal-data-protection-laws-and-policies\/. Accessed May 31, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1002\/poi3.292","article-title":"Governing with health code: Standardising China\u2019s data network systems during COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Policy Internet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2024.102850","article-title":"Two paths of balancing technology and ethics:A comparative study on AI governance in China and Germany","author":"Tuzov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Telecommun. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2021.779957","article-title":"AI Application and Regulation: Mapping the Regulatory Strata","volume":"3","author":"Viljanen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Computer Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vitak, J., & Zimmer, M. (2020). More than just privacy: Using contextual integrity to evaluate the long-term risks from COVID-19 surveillance technologies. Social Media + Society, 6(3), 1-4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2056305120948250.","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305120948250"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0440","unstructured":"Wang, J., & Liu, Y. (2023, December 7).\u5065\u5eb7\u7801\u201c\u5377\u571f\u91cd\u6765\u201d\uff1f\u5047\u7684\uff01[Health code \u201cmaking a comeback\u201d? Fake!].21st Century Business Herald.Retrieved from https:\/\/www.21jingji.com\/article\/20231207\/herald\/6b9c9725211331f78c22dd63b1e39f30.html. Accessed January 18, 2026."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/36481","article-title":"Big data health care platform with multisource heterogeneous data integration and massive high-dimensional data governance for large hospitals: Design, development, and application","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Med. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0450","unstructured":"Weber, M. ([1922] 1978). Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology. University of California Press."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0455","unstructured":"Wen, S., & Yang, M. (2021). \u65b0\u52a0\u5761:\u4e0e\u75c5\u6bd2\u5171\u5b58\u7684\u538b\u529b\u6d4b\u8bd5. [Singapore: A Pressure Test in Coexisting with the Virus]. Caixin. Retrieved from https:\/\/weekly.caixin.com\/2021-11-13\/101804395.html. Accessed January 18, 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0460","unstructured":"Westin, A. F. (1967). Privacy and freedom. Atheneum."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764201000903","article-title":"Can technology replace social engineering?","volume":"10","author":"Weinberg","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0470","first-page":"63","article-title":"Early GDPR penalties: Analysis of implementation and fines through May 2020","volume":"11","author":"Wolff","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inf. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0475","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2023, May 31). Coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. Retrieved from https:\/\/covid19.who.int. Accessed May 31, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0480","unstructured":"Worldmeter. (2024, April 13). Daily New Cases in China. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/country\/china\/. Accessed January 18, 2026."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.3390\/app14020675","article-title":"Balancing privacy and progress: a review of privacy challenges, systemic oversight, and patient perceptions in AI-driven healthcare","volume":"14","author":"Williamson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-1346.2010.00247.x","article-title":"Political legitimacy in Singapore","volume":"38","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Politics & Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_bib547","unstructured":"Wong, L. (2020, December 20). SafeEntry: Ticket to getting into public venues in a new normal. The Straits Times. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.straitstimes.com\/tech\/safeentry-ticket-to-getting-into-public-venues-in-a-new-normal. Accessed January 18, 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0495","unstructured":"Wu, S. (2022, December). Country rules for cross-border data governance (3): Germany. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cicjc.com.cn\/info\/1040\/14921.htm. Accessed January 18, 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.24112\/ijccpm.181691","article-title":"How to balance governance efficiency and privacy protection? a textual analysis of the privacy policies of the COVID-19 contact-tracing app in China and Singapore","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0505","unstructured":"Xu, D. (2020, April 28). \u5065\u5eb7\u7801\u906d\u5c42\u5c42\u201c\u52a0\u7801\u201d, \u4e92\u8ba4\u771f\u7684\u8fd9\u4e48\u96be\u5417\uff1f [Health Codes Face Layers of 'Over-enforcement': Is Mutual Recognition Really That Difficult?]. China Newsweek. Retrieved from https:\/\/news.sina.cn\/gn\/2020-04-28\/detail-iirczymi8736097.d.html. Accessed January 18, 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2022.105668","article-title":"Half a loaf is better than none: the new data protection regime for China's platform economy","volume":"45","author":"You","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computer Law & Security Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1080\/23812346.2021.1988267","article-title":"The three legal dimensions of China\u2019s big data governance","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Chinese Governance"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/su14106013","article-title":"Sustainable insights for energy big data governance in China: Full life cycle curation from the ecosystem perspective","volume":"14","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2018.02.004","article-title":"A socio-technical analysis of China's cybersecurity policy: Towards delivering trusted e-government services","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Telecommun. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_bib546","unstructured":"Zhang, L., & Sun, Q. (2020, June 18). \u9762\u5bf9\u4e2d\u9ad8\u98ce\u9669\u5730\u533a\u201c\u6765\u5ba2\u201d\uff0c\u5404\u5730\u5982\u4f55\u82b1\u6837\u7ba1\u63a7\uff1a\u6392\u67e5\u3001\u9694\u79bb\u3001\u68c0\u6d4b [Facing \"Visitors\" from Medium-High Risk Areas: How Different Regions Implement Varied Control Measures - Screening, Quarantine, Testing]. Caixin. Retrieved from https:\/\/china.caixin.com\/2020-06-18\/101569301.html?originReferrer=caixinsearch_pc. Accessed January 18, 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0530","unstructured":"Zhang, L. (2020, March 29). \u6e56\u5317\u518d\u66f4\u98ce\u9669\u7b49\u7ea7:\u6b66\u6c49\u6574\u4f53\u7ef4\u6301\u4e2d\u98ce\u9669 \u5e02\u5185\u4f4e\u98ce\u9669\u533a\u589e\u81f37\u4e2a [Hubei Further Updates Risk Levels: Wuhan Overall Remains Medium-Risk, Low-Risk Areas Within City Increase to 7]. Caixin. Retrived from https:\/\/china.caixin.com\/2020-03-29\/101535764.html?originReferrer=caixinsearch_pc. Accessed January 18, 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0535","unstructured":"Zhang, P. (2022, June 23). China officials who abused health codes to stop bank protests punished. South China Morning Post. https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/china\/politics\/article\/3182742\/china-officials-who-abused-health-codes-stop-bank-protests."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, D. (2001). The power of Tiananmen: State-society relations and the 1989 Beijing student movement. University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226982625.001.0001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401_b0545","unstructured":"Zhou, D. (2020, February 25). \u6e56\u5317\u3001\u5317\u4eac\u4ee5\u5916\u5730\u533a\u4ee5\u53bf\u57df\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u5212\u5206\u4f4e\u4e2d\u9ad8\u98ce\u9669\u7b49\u7ea7 [Areas Outside Hubei and Beijing Classified by County-Level Risk: Low, Medium, and High]. Caixin. Retrived from https:\/\/china.caixin.com\/2020-02-25\/101520184.html?originReferrer=caixinsearch_pc. Accessed January 18, 2026."}],"container-title":["Telematics and Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0736585326000377?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0736585326000377?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T06:32:26Z","timestamp":1781159546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0736585326000377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":110,"alternative-id":["S0736585326000377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401","relation":{},"ISSN":["0736-5853"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0736-5853","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Three models of big data governance: A comparative analysis of privacy policies of contact tracing apps in China, Singapore, and Germany","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Telematics and Informatics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tele.2026.102401","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102401"}}