{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T16:15:55Z","timestamp":1778861755598,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":179,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006498","name":"Clemson University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006498","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vehicular Communications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T00:00:25Z","timestamp":1775260825000},"page":"101028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Post-quantum cryptography for intelligent transportation systems: An implementation-focused review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1066-3540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah Al","family":"Mamun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5880-9389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akid","family":"Abrar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mizanur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M Sabbir","family":"Salek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mashrur","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0001","series-title":"Transp. Cyber-Phys. Syst.","first-page":"1","article-title":"Transportation cyber-physical system and its importance for future mobility","author":"Deka","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0002","series-title":"2016 IEEE Int. Conf. Electro Inf. Technol. EIT","first-page":"0776","article-title":"Cyber-physical systems in smart transportation","author":"Moller","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2015.7152667","article-title":"Cyber-physical-social system in intelligent transportation","volume":"2","author":"Xiong","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEECAA J. Autom. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0004","first-page":"46","article-title":"Security of connected and automated vehicles","volume":"49","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bridge (Kans City)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0005","series-title":"An Introduction to Information Security","author":"Nieles","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0006","article-title":"ARC-IT v9.2: architecture reference for Cooperative and Intelligent transportation","year":"2026","journal-title":"ARC-IT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IEEE, IEEE standard for Wireless access in vehicular environments (WAVE) - certificate management interfaces for end entities, (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEEESTD.2022.9810154.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2022.9810154"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0008","unstructured":"ETSI, ETSI TS 103 097 V2.1.1 (2021-10): Intelligent Transport systems (ITS); security; security header and certificate formats; release 2, (2021). https:\/\/www.etsi.org\/deliver\/etsi_ts\/103000_103099\/103097\/02.01.01_60\/ts_103097v020101p.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1137\/S0097539795293172","article-title":"Polynomial-time algorithms for prime factorization and discrete logarithms on a quantum computer","volume":"26","author":"Shor","year":"1997","journal-title":"SIAM J. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1145\/359340.359342","article-title":"A method for obtaining digital signature and public-key cryptosystems","volume":"21","author":"Rivest","year":"1978","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1976.1055638","article-title":"New directions in cryptography","volume":"22","author":"Diffie","year":"1976","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Institute of Standards and Technology, Digital Signature Standard (DSS), (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6028\/NIST.FIPS.186-5.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.FIPS.186-5"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s102070100002","article-title":"The elliptic curve digital signature algorithm (ECDSA)","volume":"1","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0014","series-title":"Proc. Twenty-Eighth Annu. ACM Symp. Theory Comput. - STOC 96","first-page":"212","article-title":"A fast quantum mechanical algorithm for database search","author":"Grover","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0015","series-title":"Report on Post-Quantum Cryptography","author":"Chen","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10160","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3528562","article-title":"A survey of post-quantum cryptography migration in vehicles","volume":"13","author":"Lohmiller","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpro.2021.104379","article-title":"Post-quantum cryptography for automotive systems","volume":"87","author":"Fritzmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microprocess. Microsyst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0018","unstructured":"The White House, Executive Order on strengthening and promoting innovation in the nation\u2019s cybersecurity, White House (2025). https:\/\/bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov\/briefing-room\/presidential-actions\/2025\/01\/16\/executive-order-on-strengthening-and-promoting-innovation-in-the-nations-cybersecurity\/(accessed July 9, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0019","series-title":"CISA Calls for PQC Adoption in Acquisitions","author":"Jones","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Institute of Standards and Technology (US), Module-lattice-based key-encapsulation mechanism standard, (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6028\/NIST.FIPS.203.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.FIPS.203"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Institute of Standards and Technology (US), Module-lattice-based digital signature standard, (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6028\/NIST.FIPS.204.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.FIPS.204"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Institute of Standards and Technology, Stateless hash-based digital signature standard, (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6028\/NIST.FIPS.205.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.FIPS.205"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0023","unstructured":"AabhaThipsay, Post-quantum cryptography comes to windows insiders and linux, Microsoft Secur. Community Blog (2025). https:\/\/techcommunity.microsoft.com\/blog\/microsoft-security-blog\/post-quantum-cryptography-comes-to-windows-insiders-and-linux\/4413803 (accessed July 9, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0024","unstructured":"Announcing quantum-safe digital signatures in Cloud KMS, Google Cloud Blog (2025). https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/blog\/products\/identity-security\/announcing-quantum-safe-digital-signatures-in-cloud-kms (accessed July 9, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0025","article-title":"iMessage with PQ3: the new state of the art in quantum-secure messaging at scale - Apple Security research","year":"2024","journal-title":"Apple Secur. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0026","article-title":"ML-KEM post-quantum TLS now supported in AWS KMS, ACM, and Secrets Manager","author":"Weibel","year":"2025","journal-title":"AWS Secur. Blog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0027","unstructured":"Samsung introduces future-ready mobile security for personalized AI experiences, Samsung Mob. Press (2025). https:\/\/www.samsungmobilepress.com\/press-releases\/samsung-introduces-future-ready-mobile-security-for-personalized-ai-experiences (accessed July 9, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0028","unstructured":"Using end-to-end encryption (E2EE) in Zoom meetings, Zoom Support (2025). https:\/\/support.zoom.com\/hc\/en\/article?id=zm_kb&sysparm_article=KB0065408 (accessed July 9, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14025","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3131668","article-title":"A survey on post-quantum public-key signature schemes for secure vehicular communications","volume":"23","author":"Shim","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0030","series-title":"2023 IEEE Veh. Netw. Conf. VNC","first-page":"215","article-title":"Feasibility and benchmarking of post-quantum cryptography in the cooperative ITS ecosystem","author":"Lonc","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0031","series-title":"2023 IEEE 97th Veh. Technol. Conf. VTC2023-Spring","first-page":"1","article-title":"Post-quantum impacts on V2X certificates \u2013 Already at the end of the road","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0032","series-title":"Handbook of applied cryptography","author":"Menezes","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Proos, C. Zalka, Shor\u2019s discrete logarithm quantum algorithm for elliptic curves, (2003). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.QUANT-PH\/0301141.","DOI":"10.26421\/QIC3.4-3"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0034","unstructured":"C. Gidney, M. Eker\u00e5, How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers in 8 hours using 20 million noisy qubits, (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.1905.09749."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0035","unstructured":"C. Gidney, How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers with less than a million noisy qubits, (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2505.15917."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Roetteler, M. Naehrig, K.M. Svore, K. Lauter, Quantum resource estimates for computing elliptic curve discrete logarithms, (2017). https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2017\/598.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70697-9_9"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6530","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2025.3534656","article-title":"Impersonation attack using Quantum Shor\u2019s algorithm against blockchain-based vehicular ad-hoc network","volume":"26","author":"Shakib","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1116\/5.0073075","article-title":"The impact of hardware specifications on reaching quantum advantage in the fault tolerant regime","volume":"4","author":"Webber","year":"2022","journal-title":"AVS Quantum Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-024-04394-x","article-title":"Quantum circuit implementations of SM4 block cipher optimizing the number of qubits","volume":"23","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Quantum Inf. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Grassl, B. Langenberg, M. Roetteler, R. Steinwandt, Applying Grover\u2019s algorithm to AES: quantum resource estimates, (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.1512.04965.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-29360-8_3"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0041","series-title":"5th PQC Stand. Conf.","article-title":"On the practical cost of grover for AES Key recovery","author":"Davies","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0042","series-title":"Transition to Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards","author":"Moody","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0043","unstructured":"Quantum Roadmap, IBM (2025). https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/roadmaps\/quantum\/(accessed October 22, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0044","unstructured":"Our Quantum Roadmap, Microsoft Quantum (2026). https:\/\/quantum.microsoft.com\/en-us\/vision\/quantum-roadmap (accessed February 8, 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Aasen, M. Aghaee, Z. Alam, M. Andrzejczuk, A. Antipov, M. Astafev, L. Avilovas, A. Barzegar, B. Bauer, J. Becker, J.M. Bello-Rivas, U. Bhaskar, A. Bocharov, S. Boddapati, D. Bohn, J. Bommer, P. Bonderson, J. Borovsky, L. Bourdet, S. Boutin, T. Brown, G. Campbell, L. Casparis, S. Chakravarthi, R. Chao, B.J. Chapman, S. Chatoor, A.W. Christensen, P. Codd, W. Cole, P. Cooper, F. Corsetti, A. Cui, W. van Dam, T.E. Dandachi, S. Daraeizadeh, A. Dumitrascu, A. Ekefj\u00e4rd, S. Fallahi, L. Galletti, G. Gardner, R. Gatta, H. Gavranovic, M. Goulding, D. Govender, F. Griggio, R. Grigoryan, S. Grijalva, S. Gronin, J. Gukelberger, J. Haah, M. Hamdast, E.B. Hansen, M. Hastings, S. Heedt, S. Ho, J. Hogaboam, L. Holgaard, K. Van Hoogdalem, J. Indrapiromkul, H. Ingerslev, L. Ivancevic, S. Jablonski, T. Jensen, J. Jhoja, J. Jones, K. Kalashnikov, R. Kallaher, R. Kalra, F. Karimi, T. Karzig, S. Kimes, V. Kliuchnikov, M.E. Kloster, C. Knapp, D. Knee, J. Koski, P. Kostamo, J. Kuesel, B. Lackey, T. Laeven, J. Lai, G. de Lange, T. Larsen, J. Lee, K. Lee, G. Leum, K. Li, T. Lindemann, M. Lucas, R. Lutchyn, M.H. Madsen, N. Madulid, M. Manfra, S.B. Markussen, E. Martinez, M. Mattila, J. Mattinson, R. McNeil, A.R. Mei, R.V. Mishmash, G. Mohandas, C. Mollgaard, M. de Moor, T. Morgan, G. Moussa, A. Narla, C. Nayak, J.H. Nielsen, W.H.P. Nielsen, F. Nolet, M. Nystrom, E. O\u2019Farrell, K. Otani, A. Paetznick, C. Papon, A. Paz, K. Petersson, L. Petit, D. Pikulin, D.O.F. Pons, S. Quinn, M. Rajpalke, A.A. Ramirez, K. Rasmussen, D. Razmadze, B. Reichardt, Y. Ren, K. Reneris, R. Riccomini, I. Sadovskyy, L. Sainiemi, J.C.E. Salda\u00f1a, I. Sanlorenzo, S. Schaal, E. Schmidgall, C. Sfiligoj, M.P. da Silva, S. Singh, S. Sinha, M. Soeken, P. Sohr, T. Stankevic, L. Stek, P. Str\u00f8m-Hansen, E. Stuppard, A. Sundaram, H. Suominen, J. Suter, S. Suzuki, K. Svore, S. Teicher, N. Thiyagarajah, R. Tholapi, M. Thomas, D. Tom, E. Toomey, J. Tracy, M. Troyer, M. Turley, M.D. Turner, S. Upadhyay, I. Urban, A. Vaschillo, D. Viazmitinov, D. Vogel, Z. Wang, J. Watson, A. Webster, J. Weston, T. Williamson, G.W. Winkler, D.J. van Woerkom, B.P. W\u00fctz, C.K. Yang, R. Yu, E. Yucelen, J.H. Zamorano, R. Zeisel, G. Zheng, J. Zilke, A. Zimmerman, Roadmap to fault tolerant quantum computation using topological qubit arrays, (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2502.12252.","DOI":"10.1103\/qx36-4rv1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0046","unstructured":"Our quantum computing roadmap, Google Quantum AI (2026). https:\/\/quantumai.google\/roadmap (accessed February 8, 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0047","unstructured":"Industry-leading roadmap, IonQ (2026). https:\/\/www.ionq.com\/roadmap (accessed February 8, 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0048","series-title":"Status Report on the Fourth Round of the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Process","author":"Alagic","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0049","series-title":"Recommendations for Key-Encapsulation Mechanisms","author":"Alagic","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0050","series-title":"Call for Additional Digital Signature Schemes for the Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Process","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0051","series-title":"Status Report on the First Round of the Additional Digital Signature Schemes for the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Process","author":"Alagic","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0052","unstructured":"National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Submission requirements and evaluation criteria for the post-quantum cryptography standardization process, (2016). https:\/\/csrc.nist.gov\/csrc\/media\/projects\/post-quantum-cryptography\/documents\/call-for-proposals-final-dec-2016.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s10623-014-9938-4","article-title":"Worst-case to average-case reductions for module lattices","volume":"75","author":"Langlois","year":"2015","journal-title":"Des. Codes Cryptogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0054","series-title":"Status report on the third round of the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization process","author":"Alagic","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0055","unstructured":"Classic McEliece implementation, class. McEliece (2025). https:\/\/classic.mceliece.org\/impl.html (accessed December 30, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0056","series-title":"Proc. 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conf. Comput. Commun. Secur.","first-page":"2129","article-title":"The SPHINCS + signature Framework","author":"Bernstein","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0057","series-title":"Adv. Cryptol. \u2013 EUROCRYPT 2023","first-page":"423","article-title":"An efficient key recovery attack on SIDH","author":"Castryck","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0058","unstructured":"C. Tao, A. Petzoldt, J. Ding, Improved key recovery of the HFEv- signature scheme, (2020). https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2020\/1424."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0059","series-title":"Adv. Cryptol. \u2013 CRYPTO 2021","first-page":"70","article-title":"Efficient key recovery for all HFE signature variants","author":"Tao","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3214303","article-title":"A survey on homomorphic encryption schemes: theory and implementation","volume":"51","author":"Acar","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0061","unstructured":"A.A. Mamun, K. Yates, A. Rakotondrafara, M. Chowdhury, R. Cartor, S. Gao, Experimental evaluation of post-quantum homomorphic encryption for privacy-preserving I2I communication, (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2508.02461."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0062","unstructured":"K. Yates, A.A. Mamun, M. Chowdhury, On the feasibility of hybrid homomorphic encryption for intelligent transportation systems, (2026). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2602.02717."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0063","unstructured":"Falcon - fast-fourier lattice-based compact signatures over NTRU, Falcon (2024). https:\/\/falcon-sign.info\/(accessed July 25, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0064","unstructured":"HQC - Hamming Quasi-Cyclic, HQC (2024). https:\/\/pqc-hqc.org\/(accessed July 25, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0065","unstructured":"L. Perret, GeMSS: A great multivariate short signature, (2019). https:\/\/csrc.nist.gov\/CSRC\/media\/Presentations\/gemss-round-2-presentation\/images-media\/gemss-perret.pdf (accessed July 25, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0066","unstructured":"Rainbow Signature, Rainbow (2024). https:\/\/www.pqcrainbow.org\/(accessed July 25, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0067","unstructured":"SIKE \u2013 supersingular isogeny key encapsulation, SIKE (2024). https:\/\/sike.org\/(accessed July 25, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Institute of Standards and Technology, Advanced encryption standard (AES), (2001). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6028\/NIST.FIPS.197.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.FIPS.197"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0069","series-title":"2020 IEEE Int. Conf. Inf. Technol. Data Artif. Intell. ICIBA","first-page":"112","article-title":"Implementation of the high-speed SM4 cryptographic algorithm based on random pseudo rounds","author":"Suo","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0070","series-title":"2010 Sixth Int. Conf. Inf. Assur. Secur","first-page":"1","article-title":"A comparison of the standardized versions of ECIES","author":"Martinez","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0071","series-title":"2012 2nd Int. Conf. Consum. Electron. Commun. Netw. CECNet","first-page":"1294","article-title":"SM2 cryptographic algorithm based on discrete logarithm problem and prospect","author":"Bai","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0072","series-title":"Encycl. Cryptogr. Secur.","first-page":"565","article-title":"SHA Family (Secure Hash Algorithm)","author":"Handschuh","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0073","series-title":"2022 2nd Int. Conf. Comput. Sci. Blockchain CCSB","first-page":"111","article-title":"Optimized design implementation and research of SM3 hash algorithm based on FPGA","author":"Xu","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0074","series-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Security; Trust and Privacy Management","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3257","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2016.2557965","article-title":"Low-latency ECDSA signature verification\u2014A road toward safer traffic","volume":"24","author":"Knezevic","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. VLSI Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0076","unstructured":"VT Intelligent Transportation Systems standards committee, IEEE std 1609.2a-2017: IEEE Standard for Wireless access in vehicular environments\u2013Security Services for Applications and Management Messages - Amendment 1, (2017). https:\/\/standards.ieee.org\/ieee\/1609.2a\/6892\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0077","unstructured":"C-ITS ECA overview, keyfactor (2026). https:\/\/docs.keyfactor.com\/ejbca\/latest\/c-its-eca-overview (accessed February 2, 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V2X Core Technical Committee, SAE J2735_202409: V2X communications message set dictionary, (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/J2735_202409.","DOI":"10.4271\/J2735_202409"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.001.2000070","article-title":"V2X in 3GPP standardization: NR Sidelink in release-16 and beyond","volume":"5","author":"Harounabadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Stand. Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1145\/3161587.3161593","article-title":"An overview of 3GPP cellular vehicle-to-everything standards","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"GetMobile Mob. Comput. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0081","series-title":"Cellular-V2X Technology Overview","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0082","series-title":"ISO\/SAE 21434:2021: Road Vehicles - Cybersecurity Engineering","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0083","unstructured":"United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP.29), UN Regulation No. 155 \u2013 Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regards to cybersecurity and cybersecurity management system, UNECE \/WP.29, Geneva, Switzerland, 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0084","unstructured":"World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP.29), UN Regulation No. 156 \u2013 Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regards to software update and software updates management system, (2021). https:\/\/unece.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-03\/R156e%20%282%29.pdf#page=3.10."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0085","unstructured":"A.C.H. Chen, C.-K. Liu, C.-F. Lin, B.-Y. Lin, Performance analysis of security certificate management system in vehicle-to-everything (V2X), (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2311.03360."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0086","unstructured":"AUTOSAR, AUTOSAR AP R25-11: requirements on cryptography, (2025). https:\/\/www.autosar.org\/fileadmin\/standards\/R25-11\/AP\/AUTOSAR_AP_RS_Cryptography.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0087","series-title":"Comput. Sci. Cars Symp.","first-page":"1","article-title":"Security analysis of automotive protocols","author":"Lauser","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0088","unstructured":"AUTOSAR, AUTOSAR AP R25-11: specification of cryptography, (2025). https:\/\/www.autosar.org\/fileadmin\/standards\/R25-11\/AP\/AUTOSAR_AP_SWS_Cryptography.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0089","series-title":"2020 16th Eur. Dependable Comput. Conf. EDCC","first-page":"103","article-title":"CINNAMON: A module for AUTOSAR secure onboard communication","author":"Bella","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0090","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization, ISO 11898-1:2024: Road vehicles\u2014Controller area network (CAN)\u2014Part 1: data link layer and physical coding sublayer, (2024). https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/86384.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0091","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization, ISO 17458-1:2013: Road vehicles\u2014FlexRay Communications System\u2014Part 1: general information and use case definition, (2013). https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/59804.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0092","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization, ISO 17987-1:2025: Road vehicles\u2014Local Interconnect network (LIN)\u2014Part 1: general information and use case definition, (2025). https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/85125.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0093","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization, ISO 21806-1:2020: Road vehicles\u2014Media oriented systems transport (MOST)\u2014Part 1: general information and definitions, (2020). https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/71833.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IEEE 802.3bw-2015: IEEE Standard for Ethernet amendment 1: physical layer specifications and management parameters for 100 mb\/s operation over a single balanced twisted pair cable (100BASE-T1), (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IEEESTD.2016.7433918.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEESTD.2016.7433918"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0095","series-title":"2014 Int. Conf. Comput. Commun. Inform.","first-page":"1","article-title":"Automotive in vehicle network protocols","author":"Vinodh Kumar","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2025.110488","article-title":"Securing in-vehicle communications through post-quantum cryptography and network segmentation","volume":"126","author":"Castiglione","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0097","series-title":"2024 IEEE Veh. Netw. Conf. VNC","first-page":"148","article-title":"Security protocols for ethernet-based In-vehicle communication","author":"Lauser","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17057","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2023761","article-title":"State-of-the-art survey of in-vehicle protocols and automotive ethernet security and vulnerabilities","volume":"20","author":"Douss","year":"2023","journal-title":"Math. Biosci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0099","series-title":"Proc 13th Int CAN Conf","article-title":"CAN with flexible data-rate","author":"Hartwich","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4413","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2017.2762638","article-title":"A quantitative performance study on CAN and CAN FD vehicular networks","volume":"65","author":"Zago","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3390\/info13080382","article-title":"PUF-based post-quantum CAN-FD framework for vehicular security","volume":"13","author":"Cultice","year":"2022","journal-title":"Information"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3637059","article-title":"A systematic review on security attacks and countermeasures in automotive ethernet","volume":"56","author":"De Vincenzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0103","series-title":"2020 IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits Syst. ISCAS","first-page":"1","article-title":"Authentication protocol for secure automotive systems: benchmarking post-quantum cryptography","author":"Ravi","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2023.100809","article-title":"Security issues in Internet of Vehicles (IoV): A comprehensive survey","volume":"22","author":"Taslimasa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0105","unstructured":"W. Wang, M. St\u00f6ttinger, Post-quantum secure architectures for automotive hardware secure modules, (2020). https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2020\/026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0106","first-page":"856","article-title":"Research on secure communication on In-vehicle ethernet based on post-quantum algorithm NTRUEncrypt","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electronics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0107","series-title":"17th Escar Eur. Embed. Secur. Cars Konf.","first-page":"155","article-title":"Post-quantum cryptography for ECU security use cases","author":"Campos","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0108","series-title":"19th Escar Eur. Worlds Lead. Automot. Cyber Secur. Conf. Konf., Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum","first-page":"71","article-title":"Quantum secure high performance automotive systems","author":"Winkler","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0109","series-title":"Post-Quantum Cryptogr","first-page":"65","article-title":"Towards practical microcontroller implementation of the signature Scheme falcon","author":"Oder","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0110","unstructured":"J.W. Bos, B. Carlson, J. Renes, M. Rotaru, D. Sprenkels, G.P. Waters, Post-quantum secure boot on vehicle network processors, (2022). https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2022\/635."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0111","unstructured":"F. Fons, M. Fons, P. Olivier, A. Weimerskirch, A Modular, Reconfigurable and updateable embedded cyber security hardware solution for automotive, in: Embed. World 2017, Nuremberg, Germany, 2017. https:\/\/www.weimerskirch.org\/files\/FonsEtAl_UpdateableHW.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0112","series-title":"2021 IFIPIEEE 29th Int. Conf. Very Large Scale Integr. VLSI-SoC","first-page":"1","article-title":"Post-quantum cryptography in MPSoC environments","author":"Sepulveda","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6139","DOI":"10.3390\/s24186139","article-title":"Automotive cybersecurity: a survey on frameworks, standards, and testing and monitoring technologies","volume":"24","author":"Kifor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0114","series-title":"Recommendation for Stateful Hash-Based Signature Schemes","author":"Cooper","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0115","series-title":"Post-Quantum Hash-Based Signatures for Secure Boot","author":"Kampanakis","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0116","series-title":"2021 IEEE Symp. Comput. Commun. ISCC","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessing the cost of quantum security for automotive over -the-air updates","author":"Manna","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0117","unstructured":"J.W. Bos, A. Dima, A. Kiening, J. Renes, Post-quantum secure over-the-air update of Automotive systems, (2023). https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2023\/965."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0118","series-title":"Hybrid Post-Quantum Enhanced TLS 1.3 on Embedded Devices, in: 2022 25th Euromicro Conf. Digit. Syst. Des. DSD","first-page":"905","author":"Marchsreiter","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0119","first-page":"84","article-title":"QUIC protocol with post-quantum authentication","author":"Raavi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17574","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2024.3416060","article-title":"RAVEN: robust anonymous vehicular end-to-end encryption and efficient mutual authentication for post-quantum intelligent transportation systems","volume":"25","author":"Khalid","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0121","first-page":"483","article-title":"Drive (Quantum) safe! towards Post-quantum security for V2V communications","volume":"2022","author":"Bindel","year":"2022","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol. EPrint Arch."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Twardokus, H. Rahbari, Quantum-resistant safety message authentication for NextG C-V2X: A cross-layer approach, (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36227\/techrxiv.175751197.77663474\/v1.","DOI":"10.36227\/techrxiv.175751197.77663474\/v1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0123","unstructured":"P.S.L.M. Barreto, J.E. Ricardini, M.A.S. Jr, H.K. Patil, qSCMS: post-quantum certificate provisioning process for V2X, (2018). https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2018\/1247."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0124","series-title":"Proc. 2024 Netw. Distrib. Syst. Secur. Symp.","article-title":"When cryptography needs a hand: practical post-quantum authentication for V2V communications","author":"Twardokus","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Sikeridis, P. Kampanakis, M. Devetsikiotis, Post-quantum authentication in TLS 1.3: A performance study, (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14722\/ndss.2020.24203.","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2020.24203"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168120","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3459948","article-title":"PPA6-IoV: A six-step privacy-preserving authentication protocol for the internet of vehicles","volume":"12","author":"Jamal Ibrahim","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5874","DOI":"10.3390\/app13105874","article-title":"Signature split method for a PQC-DSA compliant with V2V communication standards","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0128","series-title":"2024 7th Int. Conf. Circuit Power Comput. Technol. ICCPCT","first-page":"426","article-title":"Hybrid scheme of post-quantum cryptography and elliptic-curve cryptography for certificates -A case study of security credential management system in vehicle-to-everything communications","author":"Chen","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0129","series-title":"Post-Quantum Cryptogr","first-page":"384","article-title":"Transitioning to a quantum-resistant public key infrastructure","author":"Bindel","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39417","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3374645","article-title":"Compact hybrid signature for secure transition to post-quantum era","volume":"12","author":"Kwon","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0131","series-title":"2021 Int. Conf. Comput. Commun. Netw. ICCCN","first-page":"1","article-title":"Performance characterization of post-quantum digital certificates","author":"Raavi","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3850","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2797529","article-title":"A security credential management system for V2X Communications","volume":"19","author":"Brecht","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0133","series-title":"The Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite 2.0 and Quantum Computing FAQ","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0134","series-title":"Announcing the Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite 2.0","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0135","series-title":"FIPS PUB 140-3: Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2025.104039","article-title":"Lattice-based dynamic decentralized anonymous credential scheme supporting batch verification","volume":"95","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Comput. Stand. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0137","series-title":"Top. Cryptol. \u2013 CT-RSA 2019","first-page":"251","article-title":"Post-quantum EPID signatures from symmetric primitives","author":"Boneh","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2025.103345","article-title":"A hash-based post-quantum ring signature scheme for the Internet of Vehicles","volume":"160","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Syst. Archit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1049\/itr2.70155","article-title":"MA-LCPPA: A multi-aggregator lattice-based conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme for scalable and quantum-secure VANETs","volume":"20","author":"El-Dalahmeh","year":"2026","journal-title":"IET Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0140","first-page":"1","article-title":"LQSCPPA: lightweight and quantum-secure lattice-based conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme for VANET","author":"Fu","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4346","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4346","article-title":"Post quantum secure conditional privacy preserving authentication for edge based vehicular communication","volume":"32","author":"Dharminder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2024.109245","article-title":"Module lattice based post quantum secure blockchain empowered vehicle to vehicle communication in the internet of vehicles","volume":"117","author":"Yadav","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0143","article-title":"Quantum-resilient blockchain-enabled secure communication framework for connected autonomous vehicles using post-quantum cryptography","volume":"52","author":"Aslam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Veh. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5034","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3339787","article-title":"Post-quantum authentication against cyber-physical attacks in V2X-based autonomous vehicle platoon","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6122","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2026.3655816","article-title":"QSVP: A Quantum safe Mutual authentication protocol for vehicular platoon communications","volume":"13","author":"Parameswarath","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2025.04.014","article-title":"Authentication protocol for vehicular networks using zero-Knowledge Proofs and elliptic curve cryptography","volume":"11","author":"Lo","year":"2025","journal-title":"ICT Express"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0147","series-title":"Proc. 19th Int. Conf. Availab. Reliab. Secur.","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards post-quantum verifiable credentials","author":"Wood","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0148","series-title":"Prog. Cryptol. - Afr. 2023","first-page":"177","article-title":"Poseidon2: A faster version of the Poseidon hash function","author":"Grassi","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3869","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3066487","article-title":"Data security through zero-knowledge proof and statistical fingerprinting in vehicle-to-healthcare everything (V2HX) communications","volume":"22","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nwab115","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwab115","article-title":"Privacy-preserving computation in the post-quantum era","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0151","article-title":"PQSF: post-quantum secure privacy-preserving federated learning","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0152","unstructured":"W. Jin, Y. Yao, S. Han, J. Gu, C. Joe-Wong, S. Ravi, S. Avestimehr, C. He, FedML-HE: an efficient homomorphic-encryption-based privacy-preserving federated learning system, (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2303.10837."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0153","series-title":"2024 IEEE 100th Veh. Technol. Conf. VTC2024-Fall","first-page":"1","article-title":"Homomorphic encryption-enabled federated learning for privacy-preserving intrusion detection in resource-constrained IoV networks","author":"Manh","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2026.3653966","article-title":"Integrating Post quantum cryptography (PQC) for end-to-end security in edge and IoT environments","author":"Elnour","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53704","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3618153","article-title":"PQ-V2X: A novel postquantum cryptographic dataset for secure vehicular communications","volume":"12","author":"Abdel Hakeem","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/rnc.70114","article-title":"Machine learning-based intrusion detection and quantum cryptography in vehicular networks","volume":"36","author":"Joseph","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Robust Nonlinear Control."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0157","unstructured":"A. Abrar, S. Dasgupta, M. Rahman, A. Alsharif, AI-driven post-quantum cryptography for cyber-resilient V2X communication in transportation cyber-physical systems, (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2510.08496."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0158","unstructured":"P. Sengupta, M. Raikwar, S. Maharjan, F. Eliassen, Y. Zhang, Adaptive quantum-safe cryptography for 6G vehicular networks via context-aware optimization, (2026). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.2602.01342."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3603170","article-title":"Side-channel and fault-injection attacks over lattice-based post-quantum schemes (Kyber, Dilithium): survey and new results","volume":"23","author":"Ravi","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3569420","article-title":"Side-channel analysis of lattice-based post-quantum cryptography: exploiting polynomial multiplication","volume":"23","author":"Mujdei","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2025.3550061","article-title":"Revisiting the masking strategy: A side-channel attack on CRYSTALS-Kyber","volume":"20","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0162","first-page":"504","article-title":"A hardware-friendly shuffling countermeasure against side-channel attacks for Kyber","volume":"72","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0163","series-title":"2024 25th Int. Symp. Qual. Electron. Des. ISQED","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deep learning enhanced side channel analysis on CRYSTALS-Kyber","author":"Hoang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0164","series-title":"2025 IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits Syst. ISCAS","first-page":"1","article-title":"Efficient CNN-based side-channel attacks on dilithium without device access","author":"Qiao","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0165","series-title":"2021 58th ACMIEEE Des. Autom. Conf. DAC","first-page":"691","article-title":"FALCON Down: breaking FALCON post-quantum signature scheme through side-channel attacks","author":"Karabulut","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ic.2023.105112","article-title":"Roadmap of post-quantum cryptography standardization: side-channel attacks and countermeasures","volume":"295","author":"Shaller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.46586\/tches.v2025.i1.251-274","article-title":"OT-PCA: new key-recovery plaintext-checking oracle based side-channel attacks on HQC with offline templates","volume":"2025","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"IACR Trans. Cryptogr. Hardw. Embed. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0168","first-page":"580","article-title":"Profiling side-channel attack on HQC polynomial multiplication using machine learning methods","author":"Rabas","year":"2026","journal-title":"Constr. Approaches Secur. Anal. Des. Embed. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0169","series-title":"2025 IEEE Symp. Secur. Priv. SP","first-page":"3567","article-title":"PQ-hammer: end-to-end key recovery attacks on post-quantum cryptography using rowhammer","author":"Amer","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0170","series-title":"Inf. Secur. Cryptol. \u2013 ICISC 2023","first-page":"202","article-title":"A lattice attack on CRYSTALS-Kyber with correlation power analysis","author":"Kuo","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0171","series-title":"2025 Int. Conf. Wirel. Commun. Signal Process. Netw. WiSPNET","first-page":"1","article-title":"Side-channel and fault attacks on ML-KEM: A survey of vulnerabilities and countermeasures","author":"J","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0172","series-title":"Finding Timing Leaks in Post\u2011Quantum Cryptography Implementations","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Ravi, D. Jap, S. Bhasin, A. Chattopadhyay, Machine learning based blind side-channel attacks on PQC-based KEMs - A case study of Kyber KEM, (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCAD57390.2023.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAD57390.2023.10323721"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0174","series-title":"2023 IEEE Int. Symp. Hardw. Oriented Secur. Trust HOST","first-page":"167","article-title":"TripletPower: deep-learning side-channel attacks over few traces","author":"Wang","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0175","unstructured":"Z. Qiao, Y. Liu, Y. Zhou, Y. Zhao, S. Chen, Single trace is all it takes: efficient side-channel attack on dilithium, (2024). https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2024\/512."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0176","unstructured":"R. Wang, K. Ngo, J. G\u00e4rtner, E. Dubrova, Single-trace side-channel attacks on CRYSTALS-dilithium: myth or reality?, (2023). https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2023\/1931."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0177","series-title":"Quantum and Side-Channel Attacks","author":"Chartouny","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0178","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization, ISO 26262-10:2018: road vehicles \u2014 Functional safety \u2014 Part 10: guidelines on ISO 26262, (2018). https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/68392.html (accessed November 13, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028_bib0179","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization, ISO 26262-1:2018: Road vehicles \u2014 Functional safety \u2014 Part 1: vocabulary, (2018). https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/68383.html."}],"container-title":["Vehicular Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214209626000306?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214209626000306?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T15:43:32Z","timestamp":1778859812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2214209626000306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":179,"alternative-id":["S2214209626000306"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.36227\/techrxiv.176369792.29441055\/v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.36227\/techrxiv.176369792.29441055\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2214-2096"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2214-2096","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Post-quantum cryptography for intelligent transportation systems: An implementation-focused review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Vehicular Communications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101028","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101028"}}