{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T22:11:25Z","timestamp":1778191885063,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vehicular Communications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T22:58:33Z","timestamp":1777762713000},"page":"101037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Joint beamforming and resource allocation design for STARS-assisted UAV-enabled ISCC network"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Xingxing","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongbo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ze","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.002.2100972","article-title":"Toward multi-functional 6G wireless networks: integrating sensing, communication, and security","volume":"60","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3103320","article-title":"6G internet of things: a comprehensive survey","volume":"9","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.010.2100152","article-title":"Integrating sensing and communications for ubiquitous IoT: applications, trends, and challenges","volume":"35","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3156632","article-title":"Integrated sensing and communications: toward dual-functional wireless networks for 6G and beyond","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2023.100616","article-title":"Server placement in mobile cloud computing: a comprehensive survey for edge computing, fog computing and cloudlet","volume":"51","author":"Asghari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3763","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3311104","article-title":"Satellite-terrestrial assisted multi-tier computing networks with MIMO precoding and computation optimization","volume":"23","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2023.3332455","article-title":"Intelligent reflecting surface aided multi-tier hybrid computing","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0008","series-title":"Proceedings of the 28th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking","first-page":"15","article-title":"MilliMirror: 3D printed reflecting surface for millimeter-wave coverage expansion","author":"Qian","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3077737","article-title":"Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: principles and opportunities","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2023.109581","article-title":"Comprehensive review on ML-based RIS-enhanced IoT systems: basics, research progress and future challenges","volume":"224","author":"Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2025.3552616","article-title":"Outage constrained design for RIS-assisted integrated sensing and communication systems","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8627","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3116151","article-title":"RIS-aided wireless communications: prototyping, adaptive beamforming, and indoor\/outdoor field trials","volume":"69","author":"Pei","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2024.3371292","article-title":"RIS-aided radar for target detection: clutter region analysis and joint active-passive design","volume":"72","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3155507","article-title":"RIS-assisted communication radar coexistence: joint beamforming design and analysis","volume":"40","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2021.3122889","article-title":"Joint waveform and discrete phase shift design for RIS-assisted integrated sensing and communication system under Cramer-Rao bound constraint","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7456","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3341429","article-title":"SNR\/CRB-constrained joint beamforming and reflection designs for RIS-ISAC systems","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3302319","article-title":"Simultaneous beam training and target sensing in ISAC systems with RIS","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4471","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3328192","article-title":"Joint beamforming and reflection design for secure RIS-ISAC systems","volume":"73","author":"Chu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2024.3365809","article-title":"Joint resource allocation and reflecting precoding design for RIS-assisted ISAC systems","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9636","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3249752","article-title":"Joint transceiver beamforming and reflecting design for active RIS-aided ISAC systems","volume":"72","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2023.3332856","article-title":"Active RIS-aided ISAC systems: beamforming design and performance analysis","volume":"72","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11723","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2024.3384501","article-title":"Cramer-Rao bound optimization for active RIS-empowered ISAC systems","volume":"23","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5158","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2024.3492067","article-title":"Robust secure beamforming for integrated sensing and communication systems with the active RIS","volume":"74","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8314","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2025.3548797","article-title":"Hybrid-RIS empowered UAV-assisted ISAC systems: transfer learning-based DRL","volume":"73","author":"Saikia","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7954","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2024.3515933","article-title":"RIS-aided integrated sensing and communication systems: STAR-RIS versus passive RIS?","volume":"5","author":"Saikia","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10862","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2024.3387759","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning for computation rate maximization in RIS-enabled mobile edge computing","volume":"73","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8705","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2024.3354371","article-title":"RIS-aided latency-efficient MEC HetNet with wireless backhaul","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5031","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2904244","article-title":"Collaborative cloud and edge computing for latency minimization","volume":"68","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2022.3142162","article-title":"Joint task offloading and caching for massive MIMO-aided multi-tier computing networks","volume":"70","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3227102","article-title":"Task offloading with multi-tier computing resources in next generation wireless networks","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3229447","article-title":"NOMA-aided joint communication, sensing, and multi-tier computing systems","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18766","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3229102","article-title":"Performance of energy and spectrally efficient AF relay-aided incremental CDRT NOMA-based IoT network with imperfect SIC for smart cities","volume":"10","author":"Jee","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0033","article-title":"Exploring the artificial intelligence era in influencing self-paced learning: systematic and bibliometric review of literature","volume":"18","author":"Fernando","year":"2025","journal-title":"Educ. Process: Int. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147718768991","article-title":"Random traveling wave pulse-coupled oscillator algorithm of energy-efficient wireless sensor networks","volume":"14","author":"Al-Mekhlafi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3844\/jcssp.2016.482.494","article-title":"A firefly-inspired scheme for energy-efficient transmission scheduling using a self-organizing method in a wireless sensor networks","volume":"12","author":"Al-Mekhlafi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115229","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2935220","article-title":"Firefly-inspired time synchronization mechanism for self-organizing energy-efficient wireless sensor networks: a survey","volume":"7","author":"Al-Mekhlafi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167423","article-title":"Travelling wave pulse coupled oscillator (twpco) using a self-organizing scheme for energy-efficient wireless sensor networks","volume":"12","author":"Al-Mekhlafi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0038","series-title":"AI-Driven: Social Media Analytics and Cybersecurity","first-page":"175","article-title":"Innovative security measures: a comprehensive framework for safeguarding the internet of things","author":"Al-Mekhlafi","year":"2025"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0039","first-page":"231","article-title":"Software-defined vehicular networks (SDVN)","volume":"22","author":"Al-Mekhlafi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Netw. Secur."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3118225","article-title":"Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting (STAR) RIS aided wireless communications","volume":"21","author":"Mu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14689","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3279357","article-title":"A survey on STAR-RIS: use cases, recent advances, and future research challenges","volume":"10","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2023.3342871","article-title":"Performance analysis and optimization of partitioned-IRS-assisted NOMA network","volume":"13","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2013.6404093","article-title":"Knowledge-aided (potentially cognitive) transmit signal and receive filter design in signal-dependent clutter","volume":"49","author":"Aubry","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0044","series-title":"Differential Geometry in Array Processing","author":"Manikas","year":"2004"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2745201","article-title":"A survey on mobile edge computing: the communication perspective","volume":"19","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0046","series-title":"Fundamentals of Wireless Communication","author":"Tse","year":"2005"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4331","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2011.2147784","article-title":"An iteratively weighted MMSE approach to distributed sum-utility maximization for a MIMO interfering broadcast channel","volume":"59","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0048","series-title":"Accuracy and Stability of Numerical Algorithms","author":"Higham","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0049","series-title":"Numerical Optimization","author":"Nocedal","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0050","series-title":"Matrix Analysis","author":"Horn","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0051","series-title":"Interior-Point Polynomial Algorithms in Convex Programming","author":"Nesterov","year":"1994"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2010.936019","article-title":"Semidefinite relaxation of quadratic optimization problems","volume":"27","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0053","unstructured":"M. Grant, S. Boyd, CVX: matlab software for disciplined convex programming, version 2.1, 2014."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7376","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2020.3020838","article-title":"Resource allocation for IRS-assisted full-duplex cognitive radio systems","volume":"68","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."}],"container-title":["Vehicular Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214209626000392?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214209626000392?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T21:50:55Z","timestamp":1778190655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2214209626000392"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S2214209626000392"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037","relation":{},"ISSN":["2214-2096"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2214-2096","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Joint beamforming and resource allocation design for STARS-assisted UAV-enabled ISCC network","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Vehicular Communications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vehcom.2026.101037","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101037"}}