{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T11:45:20Z","timestamp":1783943120775,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62472099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62472099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017130","name":"Ji Hua Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017284","name":"Jihua Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["X250881UG250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X250881UG250"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017284","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Visual Informatics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:15:29Z","timestamp":1768263329000},"page":"100301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Enhancing spatial learning under visual cues: A comparative study of virtual environments and perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3569-7866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizhe","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Hsiang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3318-6473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0720(200007\/08)14:4<333::AID-ACP655>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Principles and practices for communicating route knowledge","volume":"14","author":"Allen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Cogn. Psychol.: Off. J. Soc. Appl. Res. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b2","series-title":"Exploratory Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Data: a Systematic Approach","author":"Andrienko","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b3","series-title":"Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality. Industrial and Everyday Life Applications","first-page":"3","article-title":"Navigating a heavy industry environment using augmented reality - a comparison of two indoor navigation designs","author":"Arntz","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13875868.2021.2019260","article-title":"The role of a graphical interpretation factor in the assessment of spatial visualization: A critical analysis","volume":"23","author":"Bartlett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spat. Cogn. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.02050","article-title":"Immediate attention enhancement and restoration from interactive and immersive technologies: a scoping review","volume":"11","author":"Barton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.19.3.517","article-title":"Perceptual and cognitive spatial learning.","volume":"19","author":"Bedford","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. [Hum. Percept.]"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1145\/126640.126657","article-title":"Virtual reality learning environments: potentials and challenges","volume":"25","author":"Bricken","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acm Siggraph Comput. Graph."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2017.2653117","article-title":"Effects of different types of virtual reality display on presence and learning in a safety training scenario","volume":"24","author":"Buttussi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b9","series-title":"2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops","first-page":"299","article-title":"Visualized cues for enhancing spatial ability training in virtual reality","author":"Chen","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2017.11.002","article-title":"Exploring the design space of immersive urban analytics","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vis. Informat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01766","article-title":"The potential of virtual reality for the investigation of awe","volume":"7","author":"Chirico","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chittaro,\u00a0Luca, Burigat,\u00a0Stefano, 2005. Augmenting audio messages with visual directions in mobile guides: an evaluation of three approaches. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices & Services. pp. 107\u2013114.","DOI":"10.1145\/1085777.1085795"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-011-0182-x","article-title":"Active and passive contributions to spatial learning","volume":"19","author":"Chrastil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8426","DOI":"10.3390\/app13148426","article-title":"The influence of immersive and collaborative virtual environments in improving spatial skills","volume":"13","author":"Conesa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b15","series-title":"2009 IEEE Symposium on Visual Analytics Science and Technology","first-page":"11","article-title":"Proximity-based visualization of movement trace data","author":"Crnovrsanin","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b16","first-page":"255","article-title":"Attention guidance strategies for supporting learning from dynamic visualizations","author":"de Koning","year":"2017","journal-title":"Learn. from Dyn. Vis.: Innov. Res. Appl."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2008.124","article-title":"Effective visualization of short routes","volume":"14","author":"Degener","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b18","series-title":"2018 IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering","first-page":"608","article-title":"Immersive learning explored: Subjective and objective factors influencing learning outcomes in immersive educational virtual environments","author":"Dengel","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denisova,\u00a0Alena, Cairns,\u00a0Paul, 2015. First person vs. third person perspective in digital games: do player preferences affect immersion?. In: Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. pp. 145\u2013148.","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702256"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2307\/3135002","article-title":"Managing the emergency response","volume":"45","author":"Drabek","year":"1985","journal-title":"Public Adm. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1145\/262171.262177","article-title":"VisFiles: Virtually lost in virtual worlds\u2014Wayfinding without a cognitive map","volume":"31","author":"Elvins","year":"1997","journal-title":"ACM SIGGRAPH Comput. Graph."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.2307\/1413271","article-title":"The curve of forgetting","volume":"24","author":"Finkenbinder","year":"1913","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b23","first-page":"10","article-title":"A literature review on immersive virtual reality in education: state of the art and perspectives","volume":"vol. 1","author":"Freina","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02288320","article-title":"Shortest path algorithms","volume":"13","author":"Gallo","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b25","series-title":"Proceedings. Eighth International Conference on Information Visualisation, 2004. IV 2004","first-page":"145","article-title":"Interactive analysis of event data using space-time cube","author":"Gatalsky","year":"2004"},{"issue":"2014","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b26","first-page":"484","article-title":"A history of the unity game engine","volume":"483","author":"Haas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diss. Worcest. Polytech. Inst."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8020063","article-title":"Diverse visualization techniques and methods of moving-object-trajectory data: A review","volume":"8","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Information"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2011.127","article-title":"Attention and visual memory in visualization and computer graphics","volume":"18","author":"Healey","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graphics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/2945.841119","article-title":"Graph visualization and navigation in information visualization: A survey","volume":"6","author":"Herman","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b30","series-title":"The VR Book: human-Centered Design for Virtual Reality","author":"Jerald","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.ivs.9500097","article-title":"Geotime information visualization","volume":"4","author":"Kapler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inf. Vis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1990.10735500","article-title":"Acquisition of route and survey knowledge in the absence of vision","volume":"22","author":"Klatzky","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kors,\u00a0Martijn\u00a0JL, Ferri,\u00a0Gabriele, Van Der\u00a0Spek,\u00a0Erik\u00a0D, Ketel,\u00a0Cas, Schouten,\u00a0Ben\u00a0AM, 2016. A breathtaking journey. On the design of an empathy-arousing mixed-reality game. In: Proceedings of the 2016 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play. pp. 91\u2013104.","DOI":"10.1145\/2967934.2968110"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b34","first-page":"431","article-title":"17 Beyond exploratory visualization of space\u2013time paths","author":"Kraak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geogr. Data Min. Knowl. Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b35","series-title":"Cartography: visualization of geospatial data","author":"Kraak","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kray,\u00a0Christian, Elting,\u00a0Christian, Laakso,\u00a0Katri, Coors,\u00a0Volker, 2003. Presenting route instructions on mobile devices. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces. pp. 117\u2013124.","DOI":"10.1145\/604045.604066"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langbehn,\u00a0Eike, Lubos,\u00a0Paul, Steinicke,\u00a0Frank, 2018. Evaluation of locomotion techniques for room-scale vr: Joystick, teleportation, and redirected walking. In: Proceedings of the Virtual Reality International Conference-Laval Virtual. pp. 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1145\/3234253.3234291"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720811421171","article-title":"Using the landmark\u2013route\u2013survey framework to evaluate spatial knowledge obtained from synthetic vision systems","volume":"53","author":"Lapeyre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69744-2_18","article-title":"A review of using virtual reality for learning","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans. Edutainment I"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu,\u00a0James, Parekh,\u00a0Hirav, Al-Zayer,\u00a0Majed, Folmer,\u00a0Eelke, 2018. Increasing walking in VR using redirected teleportation. In: Proceedings of the 31st Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. pp. 521\u2013529.","DOI":"10.1145\/3242587.3242601"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6744","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10855-z","article-title":"Using virtual global landmark to improve incidental spatial learning","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2017.12.007","article-title":"Adding immersive virtual reality to a science lab simulation causes more presence but less learning","volume":"60","author":"Makransky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Learn. Instr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1089\/109493101300117938","article-title":"The effects of levels of immersion on memory and presence in virtual environments: A reality centered approach","volume":"4","author":"Mania","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b44","series-title":"Digital Storytelling: the Narrative Power of Visual Effects in Film","author":"McClean","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b45","article-title":"Virtual environment interaction techniques","author":"Mine","year":"1995","journal-title":"UNC Chap. Hill CS Dept"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b46","series-title":"Learning to navigate in complex environments","author":"Mirowski","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244012445585","article-title":"Illuminating the effects of dynamic lighting on student learning","volume":"2","author":"Mott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106290","article-title":"The mediating role of presence differs across types of spatial learning in immersive technologies","volume":"107","author":"Parong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b49","series-title":"2011 IEEE Virtual Reality Conference","first-page":"55","article-title":"An evaluation of navigational ability comparing redirected free exploration with distractors to walking-in-place and joystick locomotio interfaces","author":"Peck","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxg006","article-title":"Role of environmental interventions in injury control and prevention","volume":"25","author":"Peek-Asa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-019-00411-y","article-title":"Level of immersion affects spatial learning in virtual environments: results of a three-condition within-subjects study with long intersession intervals","volume":"24","author":"Pollard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.2307\/1129653","article-title":"The development of map-reading skills","author":"Presson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1109\/2.192002","article-title":"Three views of virtual reality: nonimmersive virtual reality","volume":"26","author":"Robertson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Computer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1145\/330572.330575","article-title":"What\u2019s your perspective?","volume":"33","author":"Rouse\u00a0III","year":"1999","journal-title":"ACM SIGGRAPH Comput. Graph."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b55","series-title":"2017 IEEE Virtual Reality","first-page":"19","article-title":"Guided head rotation and amplified head rotation: Evaluating semi-natural travel and viewing techniques in virtual reality","author":"Sargunam","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2122114","article-title":"Context-adaptive visual cues for safe navigation in augmented reality using machine learning","volume":"40","author":"Seeliger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Human\u2013Computer Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2020.101061","article-title":"Review visual attention and spatial memory in building inspection: Toward a cognition-driven information system","volume":"44","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Informat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2407(08)60007-5","article-title":"The development of spatial representations of large-scale environments","volume":"10","author":"Siegel","year":"1975","journal-title":"Adv. Child Dev. Behav."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b59","first-page":"1","article-title":"A note on presence terminology","volume":"3","author":"Slater","year":"2003","journal-title":"Presence Connect."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010564","article-title":"First person experience of body transfer in virtual reality","volume":"5","author":"Slater","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Speicher,\u00a0Maximilian, Hall,\u00a0Brian\u00a0D., Nebeling,\u00a0Michael, 2019. What is mixed reality?. In: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. pp. 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300767"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b62","series-title":"2014 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality","first-page":"213","article-title":"Presence and discernability in conventional and non-photorealistic immersive augmented reality","author":"Steptoe","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b63","first-page":"37","article-title":"Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence","volume":"33","author":"Steuer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Commun. the Age Virtual Real."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022193728205","article-title":"Cognitive architecture and instructional design","volume":"10","author":"Sweller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b65","series-title":"Video games: Perspective, point-of-view, and immersion","author":"Taylor","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211414","article-title":"Goal-specific influences on the representation of spatial perspective","volume":"27","author":"Taylor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mem. Cogn."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(82)90019-6","article-title":"Differences in spatial knowledge acquired from maps and navigation","volume":"14","author":"Thorndyke","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cogn. Psychol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2012.265","article-title":"Stacking-based visualization of trajectory attribute data","volume":"18","author":"Tominski","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-004-0199-0","article-title":"The influence of intentional and incidental learning on acquiring spatial knowledge during navigation","volume":"70","author":"van Asselen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2006.93","article-title":"Visualizing the underwater behavior of humpback whales","volume":"26","author":"Ware","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b71","series-title":"Informatik\u201997 Informatik Als Innovationsmotor: 27. Jahrestagung Der Gesellschaft F\u00dcr Informatik Aachen, 24.\u201326. September 1997","first-page":"41","article-title":"Spatial cognition: The role of landmark, route, and survey knowledge in human and robot navigation","author":"Werner","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b72","series-title":"Guns, Grenades, and Grunts. First-Person Shooter Games","author":"Whitlock","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b73","series-title":"Breakthroughs in Statistics: Methodology and Distribution","first-page":"196","article-title":"Individual comparisons by ranking methods","author":"Wilcoxon","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b74","unstructured":"Willis,\u00a0Katharine, 2005. Mind the gap: Mobile applications and wayfinding. In: Workshop for User Experience Design for Pervasive Computing."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2025.3567135","article-title":"DTBIA: An immersive visual analytics system for brain-inspired research","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b76","series-title":"2023 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops","first-page":"312","article-title":"Visual exploration and planning of the automated material handling system for smart factory in the immersive environment","author":"Zhang","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b77","series-title":"2025 IEEE 18th Pacific Visualization Conference (PacificVis)","first-page":"224","article-title":"ST 2 VR: An interactive authoring system for SpatioTemporal storytelling in virtual reality with hierarchical narrative structure","author":"Zhang","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b78","series-title":"2019 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3d User Interfaces","first-page":"155","article-title":"Scale-unexplored opportunities for immersive technologies in place-based learning","author":"Zhao","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301_b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1080\/13875868.2020.1817925","article-title":"Desktop versus immersive virtual environments: effects on spatial learning","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spat. Cogn. Comput."}],"container-title":["Visual Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2468502X25000841?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2468502X25000841?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T07:23:18Z","timestamp":1782544998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2468502X25000841"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S2468502X25000841"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301","relation":{},"ISSN":["2468-502X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2468-502X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Enhancing spatial learning under visual cues: A comparative study of virtual environments and perspectives","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Visual Informatics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.visinf.2025.100301","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Zhejiang University and Zhejiang University Press.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100301"}}