{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T14:14:53Z","timestamp":1783606493083,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Integration"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T15:56:43Z","timestamp":1780329403000},"page":"102781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A Configurable Delay Transient-Effect Ring Oscillator PUF against modeling attacks"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Tianming","family":"Ni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mu","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4182-0553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingchang","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-08907-0","article-title":"Internet of things applications: opportunities and threats","volume":"122","author":"Rahmani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-020-0372-5","article-title":"Physical unclonable functions","volume":"3","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11432-022-3722-8","article-title":"A strong physical unclonable function with machine learning immunity for Internet of Things application","volume":"67","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. China Inf. Sci."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14452","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3090475","article-title":"CT PUF: Configurable tristate PUF against machine learning attacks for IoT security","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b5","article-title":"CIM-enabled MBRO PUF: Integrating multistage BRO and reconfigurable SRAM for edge security applications","author":"Maheshwari","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b6","series-title":"2008 IEEE International Workshop on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust","first-page":"67","article-title":"The butterfly PUF protecting IP on every FPGA","author":"Kumar","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b7","article-title":"Analysis of EM Side-Channel leakage on an RO-PUF and proposed countermeasures","author":"Casado-Gal\u00e1n","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dependable Secur. Comput."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5828","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2024.3425957","article-title":"Fault-tolerant reversible-logic based ro-puf for secure device authentication","volume":"71","author":"Naz","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I. Regul. Pap."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b9","series-title":"2024 IEEE International Test Conference in Asia (ITC-Asia)","first-page":"1","article-title":"A RO-integrated-LFSR-based nonlinear strong PUF with intrinsic modeling attacks resilience","author":"Bian","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2025.3587502","article-title":"Highly stable reconfigurable TERO PUF architecture for hardware security applications","author":"Vicu\u00f1a","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b11","article-title":"C4TERO: Configurable cascaded carry chains for high reliability TERO PUFs on FPGAs","author":"Spagnolo","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I. Regul. Pap."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2016.2519383","article-title":"An all-digital edge racing true random number generator robust against PVT variations","volume":"51","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b13","article-title":"FTPUF: Feedback structure of TERO PUF for high reliability","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Integration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2025.3575056","article-title":"A response-nonlinearized DEMUX-TDC PUF for resistance against modeling attacks and secure authentication protocols","author":"Ni","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b15","article-title":"Fredkin gate-based arbiter PUF design through challenge obfuscation using garbage outputs","author":"Prabhunath","year":"2025","journal-title":"Integration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b16","article-title":"Design of a dynamic obfuscation-based strong PUF resistant to modeling attacks and mutual authentication protocol","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Integration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b17","series-title":"IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2005","first-page":"4703","article-title":"Extracting secret keys from integrated circuits","author":"Lim","year":"2005"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2021.3084400","article-title":"Two sides of the same coin: Boons and banes of machine learning in hardware security","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2023.3254434","article-title":"An evaluation method of the anti-modeling-attack capability of PUFs","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2023.3329438","article-title":"Systematically quantifying cryptanalytic nonlinearities in strong PUFs","volume":"19","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3216","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2021.3129112","article-title":"Correlation integral-based intrinsic dimension: a deep-learning-assisted empirical metric to estimate the robustness of PUFs to modeling attacks","volume":"41","author":"Santikellur","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b22","series-title":"2014 Design","first-page":"361","article-title":"PUF modeling attacks: An introduction and overview","author":"Ruhrmair","year":"2014"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2013.2279798","article-title":"PUF modeling attacks on simulated and silicon data","volume":"8","author":"R\u00fchrmair","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b24","series-title":"2014 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition","first-page":"1","article-title":"PUFs at a glance","author":"R\u00fchrmair","year":"2014"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2019.2891223","article-title":"Machine-learning attacks on polypufs, ob-pufs, rpufs, lhs-pufs, and puf\u2013fsms","volume":"14","author":"Delvaux","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2022.3189533","article-title":"Neural network modeling attacks on arbiter-PUF-based designs","volume":"17","author":"Wisiol","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b27","series-title":"Advanced Research Working Conference on Correct Hardware Design and Verification Methods","first-page":"140","article-title":"Temporal properties of self-timed rings","author":"Winstanley","year":"2001"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2016.2524666","article-title":"Design, evaluation, and optimization of physical unclonable functions based on transient effect ring oscillators","volume":"11","author":"Cherkaoui","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16300","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3267657","article-title":"Modeling-attack-resistant strong PUF exploiting stagewise obfuscated interconnections with improved reliability","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2017.2702607","article-title":"Implementation and characterization of a physical unclonable function for IoT: a case study with the TERO-PUF","volume":"37","author":"Marchand","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2018.04.017","article-title":"Improving performance of FPGA-based SR-latch PUF using transient effect ring oscillator and programmable delay lines","volume":"62","author":"Ardakani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Integration"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1109\/4.953485","article-title":"Design impact of positive temperature dependence on drain current in sub-1-V CMOS vlsis","volume":"36","author":"Kanda","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b33","article-title":"The interpose PUF: Secure PUF design against state-of-the-art machine learning attacks","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cryptol. EPrint Arch."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4349","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2022.3197539","article-title":"CaPUF: Cascaded PUF structure for machine learning resiliency","volume":"41","author":"Nassar","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Amelifard, S. Hatami, H. Fatemi, M. Pedram, A current source model for CMOS logic cells considering multiple input switching and stack effect, in: Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe, 2008, pp. 568\u2013573.","DOI":"10.1145\/1403375.1403514"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2022.3157811","article-title":"A BER-suppressed PUF with an amplification of process mismatch effect in an oscillator collapse topology","volume":"57","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mejo.2024.106434","article-title":"Anti-machine-learning-attack strong PUF design based on multi-path delay selection strategy","volume":"153","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microelectron. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mejo.2025.106674","article-title":"A cross-matrix arbiter PUF with high reliability and ML-resistance for IoT device security","volume":"160","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microelectron. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s42514-020-00060-7","article-title":"A dynamically configurable LFSR-based PUF design against machine learning attacks","volume":"3","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"CCF Trans. High Perform. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b40","series-title":"2022 International Conference on Innovations in Science, Engineering and Technology","first-page":"528","article-title":"Transient effect ring oscillator PUF based on programmable delay lines","author":"Hu","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b41","first-page":"1","article-title":"A revision of the quality metrics of physical unclonable functions","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2025.3569587","article-title":"BF PUF: A modeling attack-resistant strong PUF based on bent functions","volume":"33","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2024.3448503","article-title":"Unveiling the true power of the latched ring oscillator for a unified PUF and TRNG architecture","volume":"32","author":"Della Sala","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst."}],"container-title":["Integration"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167926026001367?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167926026001367?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T13:24:22Z","timestamp":1783603462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167926026001367"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S0167926026001367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-9260"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-9260","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A Configurable Delay Transient-Effect Ring Oscillator PUF against modeling attacks","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Integration","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vlsi.2026.102781","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102781"}}