{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T13:33:26Z","timestamp":1773236006089,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006928","name":"The Ohio State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Phonetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T19:25:44Z","timestamp":1771010744000},"page":"101484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Does pronunciation distance predict accent categorization? Evidence for the respective contributions of segment distance and suprasegmentals"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2024-3902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lian J.","family":"Arzbecker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Jacewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020054","article-title":"Comprehension of a novel accent by young and older listeners","volume":"25","author":"Adank","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0005","first-page":"520","article-title":"Comprehension of familiar and unfamiliar native accents under adverse listening conditions","volume":"35","author":"Adank","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0015","unstructured":"Adobe Incorporated. (2023). Adobe Audition (Version 23.3.0.55) (Computer software). https:\/\/www.adobe.com\/audition\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0000551","article-title":"Acoustic cues and linguistic experience as factors in regional dialect classification","volume":"147","author":"Alcorn","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2013.09.003","article-title":"Auditory free classification of nonnative speech","volume":"41","author":"Atagi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4903916","article-title":"Relationship between listeners\u2019 nonnative speech recognition and categorization abilities","volume":"137","author":"Atagi","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/02699206.2021.1896783","article-title":"An automated tool for comparing phonetic transcriptions","volume":"36","author":"Bailey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2020.00039","article-title":"A new acoustic-based pronunciation distance measure","volume":"3","author":"Bartelds","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212247","article-title":"Increasing the intelligibility of speech through multiple phonemic restorations","volume":"51","author":"Bashford","year":"1992","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9481.00136","article-title":"Pax Americana? Accent attitudinal evaluations in New Zealand, Australia and America","volume":"5","author":"Bayard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Sociolinguistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0060","unstructured":"Becker, R. A., Wilks, A. R., Brownrigg, R., Minka, T. P., & Deckmyn, A. (2022). Maps: Draw geographical maps (Version 3.4.1) (Computer software). https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=maps."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1075\/avt.25.05bei","article-title":"Predicting intelligibility and perceived linguistic distance by means of the Levenshtein algorithm","volume":"25","author":"Beijering","year":"2008","journal-title":"Linguistics in the Netherlands"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2016.08.004","article-title":"Classification of regional dialects, international dialects, and nonnative accents","volume":"58","author":"Bent","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4103","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0008930","article-title":"How pronunciation distance impacts word recognition in children and adults","volume":"150","author":"Bent","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2024.101357","article-title":"Relating pronunciation distance metrics to intelligibility across English accents","volume":"107","author":"Bent","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4348","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0005279","article-title":"Younger and older adults show non-linear, stimulus-dependent performance during early stages of auditory training for non-native English","volume":"149","author":"Bieber","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0090","unstructured":"Boersma, P., & Weenink, D. (2023). Praat: Doing phonetics by computer (Version 6.3.17) (Computer software). http:\/\/www.praat.org\/."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2007.04.005","article-title":"Perceptual adaptation to non-native speech","volume":"106","author":"Bradlow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2010.06.003","article-title":"A perceptual phonetic similarity space for languages: Evidence from five native language listener groups","volume":"52","author":"Bradlow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Speech Communication"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.2307\/3586196","article-title":"Some acoustic parameters of speech and their relationships to the perception of dialect differences","volume":"1","author":"Bush","year":"1967","journal-title":"TESOL Quarterly"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3934","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_JSLHR-20-00749","article-title":"Can closed-set word recognition differentially assess vowel and consonant perception for school-age children with and without hearing loss?","volume":"65","author":"Buss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0485","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. (2023). Annual Estimates of the Resident Population by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin for the United States: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022. NC-EST2022-SR11H."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0115","unstructured":"Central Intelligence Agency. (2025). People and society. https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/world\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0120","series-title":"Assessing Asian language performance: Guidelines for evaluating limited-English-proficient students","first-page":"17","article-title":"The Chinese","author":"Cheng","year":"1987"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3915","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0026358","article-title":"A perceptual similarity space for speech based on self-supervised speech representations","volume":"155","author":"Chernyak","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1815131","article-title":"Rapid adaptation to foreign-accented English","volume":"116","author":"Clarke","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"01","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954394504161036","article-title":"Homebodies and army brats: Some effects of early linguistic experience and residential history on dialect categorization","volume":"16","author":"Clopper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Language Variation and Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(03)00009-3","article-title":"Some acoustic cues for the perceptual categorization of American English regional dialects","volume":"32","author":"Clopper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"issue":"02","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954394506060091","article-title":"Effects of region of origin and geographic mobility on perceptual dialect categorization","volume":"18","author":"Clopper","year":"2006","journal-title":"Language Variation and Change"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X05275741","article-title":"Effects of talker gender on dialect categorization","volume":"24","author":"Clopper","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Language and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2141171","article-title":"Perceptual similarity of regional dialects of American English","volume":"119","author":"Clopper","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00479","article-title":"Linguistic processing of accented speech across the lifespan","volume":"3","author":"Cristia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0165","series-title":"Studies in General and English Phonetics Essays in Honour of Professor J.D. O\u2019Connor","article-title":"Documenting rhythmical change","author":"Crystal","year":"1995"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(19)30776-4","article-title":"Stress-timing and syllable-timing reanalyzed","volume":"11","author":"Dauer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0272263197001010","article-title":"Accent, intelligibility, and comprehensibility: Evidence from four L1s","volume":"19","author":"Derwing","year":"1997","journal-title":"Studies in Second Language Acquisition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000353","article-title":"Gender identification using high-frequency speech energy: Effects of increasing the low-frequency limit","volume":"38","author":"Donai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ear & Hearing"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4916195","article-title":"Identification of high-pass filtered male, female, and child vowels: The use of high-frequency cues","volume":"137","author":"Donai","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/01434632.2020.1735402","article-title":"Americans\u2019 attitudes toward foreign accents: Evaluative hierarchies and underlying processes","volume":"43","author":"Dragojevic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2015.08.002","article-title":"The role of phrasal phonology in speech perception: What perceptual epenthesis shows us","volume":"54","author":"Durvasula","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2307\/410649","article-title":"India as a linguistic area","volume":"32","author":"Emeneau","year":"1956","journal-title":"Language"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1635413","article-title":"Vowel normalization for accent: An investigation of best exemplar locations in northern and southern British English sentences","volume":"115","author":"Evans","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3114","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3493439","article-title":"Perceptual contributions to monosyllabic word intelligibility: Segmental, lexical, and noise replacement factors","volume":"128","author":"Fogerty","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.21437\/SpeechProsody.2002-65","article-title":"Language discrimination and rhythm classes: Evidence from Portuguese","volume":"2002","author":"Frota","year":"2002","journal-title":"Speech Prosody"},{"issue":"03","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954394504163023","article-title":"Perceptive evaluation of Levenshtein dialect distance measurements using Norwegian dialect data","volume":"16","author":"Gooskens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Language Variation and Change"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1044\/2024_JSLHR-23-00476","article-title":"Evaluating speaker\u2013listener cognitive effort in speech communication through brain-to-brain synchrony: A pilot Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy investigation","volume":"67","author":"Green","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2017.09.008","article-title":"Finding word boundaries in Indian English-accented speech","volume":"66","author":"Hawthorne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025087115665","article-title":"Norwegian dialects examined perceptually and acoustically","volume":"37","author":"Heeringa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Computers and the Humanities"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2008.07.006","article-title":"Measuring Norwegian dialect distances using acoustic features","volume":"51","author":"Heeringa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Speech Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0245","unstructured":"Heeringa, W., van Heuven, V., & van de Velde, H. (2023). LED-A: Levenshtein edit distance app (Computer software)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/76030","article-title":"The effect of listener accent background on accent perception and comprehension","volume":"2007","author":"Ikeno","year":"2007","journal-title":"EURASIP Journal on Audio, Speech, and Music Processing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2025.101434","article-title":"Phonetic information in the vowel spectrum: The meaning of Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients","volume":"112","author":"Iskarous","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3676603","article-title":"The effects of cross-generational and cross-dialectal variation on vowel identification and classification","volume":"131","author":"Jacewicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3168","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0022496","article-title":"Introduction to the special issue on perception and production of sounds in the high-frequency range of human speech","volume":"154","author":"Jacewicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0020906","article-title":"Dialect and gender perception in relation to the intelligibility of low-pass and high-pass filtered spontaneous speech","volume":"154","author":"Jacewicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0275","series-title":"The Cambridge Handbook of Systemic Functional Linguistics","first-page":"766","article-title":"Language Typology","author":"Kashyap","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0280","series-title":"Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics","first-page":"60","article-title":"Computational dialectology in Irish Gaelic","author":"Kessler","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-025-02652-2","article-title":"Predicting relative intelligibility from inter-talker distances in a perceptual similarity space for speech","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labov, W. (2011). A controlled experiment on vowel identification. In Principles of linguistic change: Cognitive and cultural factors, (1st ed, Vol. 3, pp. 48\u201357). Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444327496.ch3"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0295","series-title":"The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, phonology and sound change","author":"Labov","year":"2006"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03337545","article-title":"Differential effects of two nonspeech sounds on phonemic restoration","volume":"6","author":"Layton","year":"1975","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amper.2017.11.001","article-title":"The English Dialects App: The creation of a crowdsourced dialect corpus","volume":"5","author":"Leemann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ampersand"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0310","first-page":"707","article-title":"Binary codes capable of correcting deletions, insertions, and reversals","volume":"10","author":"Levenshtein","year":"1966","journal-title":"Soviet Physics Doklady"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1017\/S030500091800051X","article-title":"Processing of unfamiliar accents in monolingual and bilingual children: Effects of type and amount of accent experience","volume":"46","author":"Levy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Child Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2023.102987","article-title":"Comparing Levenshtein distance and dynamic time warping in predicting listeners\u2019 judgments of accent distance","volume":"155","author":"Lind-Combs","year":"2023","journal-title":"Speech Communication"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1080\/01690965.2012.705006","article-title":"Speech recognition in adverse conditions: A review","volume":"27","author":"Mattys","year":"2012","journal-title":"Language and Cognitive Processes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-971X.2008.01569.x","article-title":"Acoustic and durational properties of Indian English vowels","volume":"28","author":"Maxwell","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Englishes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2015.11.002","article-title":"Perceptual subcategories within non-native English","volume":"55","author":"McCullough","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1525\/mp.2011.28.3.307","article-title":"A Comparison of rhythm in English dialects and music","volume":"28","author":"McGowan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Music Perception"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0003323","article-title":"Feasibility of remote assessment of the binaural intelligibility level difference in school-age children","volume":"1","author":"Merchant","year":"2021","journal-title":"JASA Express Letters"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-020-01514-0","article-title":"An online headphone screening test based on dichotic pitch","volume":"53","author":"Milne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00587","article-title":"The perceptual significance of high-frequency energy in the human voice","volume":"5","author":"Monson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/026553229401100302","article-title":"Evaluations of foreign accent in extemporaneous and read material","volume":"11","author":"Munro","year":"1994","journal-title":"Language Testing"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2010.02.013","article-title":"Detection of nonnative speaker status from content-masked speech","volume":"52","author":"Munro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Speech Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0370","first-page":"11","article-title":"Measuring dialect distance phonetically","author":"Nerbonne","year":"1997","journal-title":"Computational Phonology: Third Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Special Interest Group in Computational Phonology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0375","series-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth Computational Linguistics in the Netherlands (CLIN VI) Meeting","first-page":"185","article-title":"Phonetic distance between Dutch dialects","author":"Nerbonne","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nespor, M., & Vogel, I. (2007). Prosodic phonology: With a new foreword. (2nd ed.). de Gruyter Mouton.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110977790"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0385","series-title":"Second Language Speech Learning","first-page":"337","article-title":"Comparing Segmental and Prosodic Contributions to Speech Accent","author":"Oganyan","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0390","series-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 1994)","first-page":"487","article-title":"Experiments on the syllable in Hindi","author":"Ohala","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0395","unstructured":"Ooms, J. (2023). av: Working with Audio and Video in R (Version 0.8.3) (Computer software). https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=av."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1250\/ast.34.388","article-title":"Revisiting place and temporal theories of pitch","volume":"34","author":"Oxenham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acoustical Science and Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01067377","article-title":"A sensitive period for the acquisition of a nonnative phonological system","volume":"5","author":"Oyama","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1914506","article-title":"Categorical and noncategorical modes of speech perception along the voicing continuum","volume":"55","author":"Pisoni","year":"1974","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0415","unstructured":"Prolific Academia Limited. (2023). Prolific. https:\/\/www.prolific.co\/."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000923000223","article-title":"Vowels and consonants matter equally to British English-learning 11-month-olds\u2019 familiar word form recognition","volume":"51","author":"Ratnage","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Child Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0420","series-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2023"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/lnc3.342","article-title":"Indian English: Features and sociolinguistic aspects","volume":"6","author":"Sailaja","year":"2012","journal-title":"Language and Linguistics Compass"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sampaio, J. (2013). American Perceptions of British Regional Dialects (Master of Arts Linguistics, Florida International University). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25148\/etd.FI13112501.","DOI":"10.25148\/etd.FI13112501"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.110.4.474","article-title":"Phonemic restoration: Insights from a new methodology","volume":"110","author":"Samuel","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0445","series-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS-14)","first-page":"2311","article-title":"Recognizing German dialects from prosodic features alone","author":"Schaeffler","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0450","series-title":"Now Sounds 2000","first-page":"306","article-title":"What makes foreign accent sound foreign?","author":"Scheuer","year":"2002"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(84)90291-3","article-title":"Segmental phonology and the perception of syntactic structure","volume":"23","author":"Scott","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3306","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3101452","article-title":"Perceptual learning of systematic variation in Spanish-accented speech","volume":"125","author":"Sidaras","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2013.07.004","article-title":"The effects of native language on Indian English sounds and timing patterns","volume":"41","author":"Sirsa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.21437\/SpeechProsody.2004-23","article-title":"The functional load of tone in Mandarin is as high as that of vowels","volume":"2004","author":"Surendran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Speech Prosody"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0475","series-title":"The Handbook of Sociolinguistics","first-page":"315","article-title":"Language and Identity","author":"Tabouret-Keller","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728912000168","article-title":"Disentangling accent from comprehensibility","volume":"15","author":"Trofimovich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X99018001003","article-title":"Identification of language varieties: The contribution of different linguistic levels","volume":"18","author":"van Bezooijen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Language and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1159\/000095306","article-title":"On the prosody of Orkney and Shetland dialects","volume":"63","author":"van Leyden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phonetica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0500","first-page":"15","article-title":"The status of the Clitic Group","volume":"Vol. 16","author":"Vogel","year":"2009"},{"issue":"3917","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1126\/science.167.3917.392","article-title":"Perceptual restoration of missing speech sounds","volume":"167","author":"Warren","year":"1970","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212667","article-title":"Speech perception and phonemic restorations","volume":"9","author":"Warren","year":"1971","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0515","unstructured":"Weinberger, S. (2015). Speech Accent Archive. George Mason University. http:\/\/accent.gmu.edu."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0520","series-title":"The Speech Accent Archive: Towards a typology of English accents","first-page":"73","author":"Weinberger","year":"2011"},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","article-title":"Welcome to the Tidyverse","volume":"4","author":"Wickham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Open Source Software"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2010.05.004","article-title":"Bipartite spectral graph partitioning for clustering dialect varieties and detecting their linguistic features","volume":"25","author":"Wieling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computer Speech & Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0550","series-title":"Proceedings of the EACL 2009 Workshop on Language Technology and Resources for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities, and Education (LaTeCH \u2013 SHELT&R 2009)","first-page":"26","article-title":"Evaluating pairwise string alignment of pronunciations","author":"Wieling","year":"2009"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2011.12.004","article-title":"Inducing a measure of phonetic similarity from pronunciation variation","volume":"40","author":"Wieling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1163\/22105832-00402001","article-title":"Measuring foreign accent strength in English: Validating Levenshtein distance as a measure","volume":"4","author":"Wieling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Language Dynamics and Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075734","article-title":"A cognitively grounded measure of pronunciation distance","volume":"9","author":"Wieling","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1075\/eww.26.3.03wil","article-title":"The \u201cIndian English\u201d of Tibeto-Burman language speakers","volume":"26","author":"Wiltshire","year":"2005","journal-title":"English World-Wide. A Journal of Varieties of English"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0560","unstructured":"Winn, M. (2013). Scale intensity of all sounds in a Directory (Computer software). http:\/\/www.mattwinn.com\/praat\/Scale_intensity_check_maxima_v3.txt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.702106","article-title":"A web-based auditory and visual emotion perception task experiment with children and a comparison of lab data and web data","volume":"12","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s44384-025-00032-7","article-title":"An overview of the impacts of vowels and consonants in speech understanding and their applications","volume":"1","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Acoustics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484_b0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3873","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2977683","article-title":"Lateralization of Huggins pitch","volume":"124","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"}],"container-title":["Journal of Phonetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0095447026000124?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0095447026000124?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T17:32:32Z","timestamp":1773163952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0095447026000124"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":115,"alternative-id":["S0095447026000124"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-4470"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-4470","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Does pronunciation distance predict accent categorization? Evidence for the respective contributions of segment distance and suprasegmentals","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Phonetics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101484","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101484"}}