{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T20:07:56Z","timestamp":1779221276638,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005492","name":"Stanford University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Phonetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T14:20:16Z","timestamp":1779200416000},"page":"101500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Acoustic influences on part-of-speech decisions with category-ambiguous words"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Chelsea","family":"Sanker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1353\/lan.2019.0030","article-title":"The noun-verb distinction in established and emergent sign systems","volume":"95","author":"Abner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0010","series-title":"Prosody in syntactic encoding","first-page":"17","article-title":"Sentence stress in presidential speeches","author":"Anttila","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174623","article-title":"Words from spontaneous conversational speech can be recognized with human-like accuracy by an error-driven learning algorithm that discriminates between meanings straight from smart acoustic features, bypassing the phoneme as recognition unit","volume":"12","author":"Arnold","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2006.03.008","article-title":"Morphological influences on the recognition of monosyllabic monomorphemic words","volume":"55","author":"Baayen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0025","series-title":"Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 2016): Technical Papers","first-page":"1330","article-title":"Cross-lingual transfer of correlations between parts of speech and gaze features","author":"Barrett","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0030","series-title":"Proceedings of the 19th conference on computational natural language learning","first-page":"345","article-title":"Reading behavior predicts syntactic categories","author":"Barrett","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(97)80007-X","article-title":"Verb retrieval and sentence processing: Dissociation of an established symptom association","volume":"33","author":"Berndt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0911-6044(02)00016-7","article-title":"Verbs and nouns: The importance of being imageable","volume":"16","author":"Bird","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Neurolinguistics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1080\/01690965.2012.665466","article-title":"Localisation of function for noun and verb reading: Converging evidence for shared processing from fMRI activation and reaction time","volume":"28","author":"Borowsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Language and Cognitive Processes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1075\/sll.19.2.01bor","article-title":"Distribution and duration of signs and parts of speech in Swedish Sign Language","volume":"19","author":"B\u00f6rstell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sign Language & Linguistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0190-4","article-title":"Adding part-of-speech information to the SUBTLEX-US word frequencies","volume":"44","author":"Brysbaert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0065","series-title":"Papers in Laboratory Phonology V: Acquisition and the Lexicon","first-page":"70","article-title":"Phrasal signatures in articulation","author":"Byrd","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, Q. & Brysbaert, M. (2010). SUBTLEX-CH: Chinese word and character frequencies based on film subtitles. PloS One 5(6), Article e10729. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0010729.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010729"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0075","series-title":"Speech perception, production and linguistic structure","first-page":"403","article-title":"Segmental elasticity and timing in Japanese speech","author":"Campbell","year":"1992"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(97)00031-0","article-title":"The relation between syntactic and phonological knowledge in lexical access: Evidence from the \u2018tip-of-the-tongue\u2019 phenomenon","volume":"64","author":"Caramazza","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-016-0742-0","article-title":"ASL-LEX: A lexical database of American Sign Language","volume":"49","author":"Caselli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0090","first-page":"621","article-title":"On the semantics of nonwords and their lexical category","volume":"46","author":"Cassani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.16.1.35","article-title":"Differential asymmetries for recognizing nouns and verbs: Where are they?","volume":"16","author":"Chiarello","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-020-01356-w","article-title":"The processing of pseudoword form and meaning in production and comprehension: A computational modeling approach using linear discriminative learning","volume":"53","author":"Chuang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2021.101055","article-title":"Phonetic detail is used to predict a word\u2019s morphological composition","volume":"87","author":"Clayards","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5070\/G60111493","article-title":"Predicting this rock: Listeners use redundant phonetic information in online morphosyntactic processing","volume":"3","author":"Cohen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glossa Psycholinguistics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(01)00058-6","article-title":"The role of argument structure in the production of nouns and verbs","volume":"39","author":"Collina","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.3758\/PP.70.3.403","article-title":"Processing variant forms in spoken word recognition: The role of variant frequency","volume":"70","author":"Connine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0125","first-page":"81","article-title":"Auditory word recognition: Extrinsic and intrinsic effects of word frequency","volume":"19","author":"Connine","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.01.036","article-title":"Neural responses to category ambiguous words","volume":"69","author":"Conwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1017\/S030500091600009X","article-title":"Prosodic disambiguation of noun\/verb homophones in child-directed speech","volume":"44","author":"Conwell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Child Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01785","article-title":"Phrase position, but not lexical status, affects the prosody of noun\/verb homophones","volume":"9","author":"Conwell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10936-012-9202-x","article-title":"Comparing nouns and verbs in a lexical task","volume":"42","author":"Cordier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/02687031003637114","article-title":"On nouns, verbs, lexemes, and lemmas: Evidence from the spontaneous speech of seven aphasic patients","volume":"25","author":"Crepaldi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2004.05.002","article-title":"Stress, lexical focus, and segmental focus in English: Patterns of variation in vowel duration","volume":"32","author":"de Jong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.104.1.123","article-title":"Language production and serial order: A functional analysis and a model","volume":"104","author":"Dell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3566","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0001477","article-title":"Emotion from the sound of a word: Statistical relationships between surface form and valence of English words influence lexical access and memory","volume":"152","author":"de Zubicaray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00957","article-title":"No morphological markers, no problem: ERP study reveals semantic contribution to distinct neural substrates between noun and verb processing in online sentence comprehension","volume":"13","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000908009252","article-title":"From sound to syntax: Phonological constraints on children\u2019s lexical categorization of new words","volume":"36","author":"Fitneva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Child Language"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.2000.2709","article-title":"Verb argument structure processing: The role of verb-specific and argument-specific information","volume":"43","author":"Friederici","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1353\/lan.0.0035","article-title":"Time and thyme are not homophones: The effect of lemma frequency on word durations in spontaneous speech","volume":"84","author":"Gahl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Language"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1353\/lan.2024.a947037","article-title":"Time and thyme again: Connecting English spoken word duration to models of the mental lexicon","volume":"100","author":"Gahl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Language"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1904_1","article-title":"A connectionist model of phonological representation in speech perception","volume":"19","author":"Gaskell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.105.2.251","article-title":"Echoes of echoes? An episodic theory of lexical access","volume":"105","author":"Goldinger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0205","series-title":"True to form: Rising and falling declaratives as questions in English","author":"Gunlogson","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0210","series-title":"Proceedings of Speech Prosody 2004","first-page":"22","article-title":"Analysis of segmental duration for thai speech synthesis","author":"Hansakunbuntheung","year":"2004"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2005.10.001","article-title":"Factors influencing speech perception in the context of a merger-in-progress","volume":"34","author":"Hay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0220","first-page":"157","article-title":"A word or two about nonwords: Frequency, semantic neighborhood density, and orthography-to-semantics consistency effects for nonwords in the lexical decision task","volume":"47","author":"Hendrix","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.2307\/415831","article-title":"About 37% of word-tokens are nouns","volume":"70","author":"Hudson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Language"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1075\/sll.9.1.06hun","article-title":"Noun\/verb pairs in Austrian Sign Language (\u00d6GS)","volume":"9","author":"Hunger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sign Language & Linguistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025100317000597","article-title":"The purpose shapes the vocative: Prosodic realisation of Colombian Spanish vocatives","volume":"48","author":"Huttenlauch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the International Phonetic Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imbir, K.K. (2016). Affective norms for 4900 Polish words reload (ANPW_R): Assessments for valence, arousal, dominance, origin, significance, concreteness, imageability and age of acquisition. Frontiers in Psychology 7, Article 1081. doi: 10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01081.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01081"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0245","first-page":"289","article-title":"Decisions and Mechanisms in Exemplar-based Phonology","volume":"1","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/6.4.235","article-title":"Nouns and verbs in Australian Sign Language: An open and shut case?","volume":"6","author":"Johnston","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0255","series-title":"Laboratory phonology VII","first-page":"3","article-title":"The role of the lemma in form variation","author":"Jurafsky","year":"2002"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1017\/langcog.2024.4","article-title":"Prosody of focus in Turkish sign language","volume":"16","author":"Karab\u00fckl\u00fc","year":"2024","journal-title":"Language and Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s10936-008-9073-3","article-title":"Differences in noun and verb processing in lexical decision cannot be attributed to word form and morphological complexity alone","volume":"37","author":"Kauschke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2025.103239","article-title":"The role of informativity and frequency in shaping word durations in English and in Polish","author":"Ka\u017amierski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Speech Communication"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/01690960444000223","article-title":"Prosodic cues for morphological complexity in Dutch and English","volume":"20","author":"Kemps","year":"2005","journal-title":"Language and Cognitive Processes"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1080\/23273798.2019.1582787","article-title":"Individual differences in the link between perception and production and the mechanisms of phonetic imitation","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Language, Cognition and Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.2000.2315","article-title":"Patterns of comprehension and production of nouns and verbs in agrammatism: Implications for lexical organization","volume":"74","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(19)31360-9","article-title":"Vowel lengthening is syntactically determined in a connected discourse","volume":"3","author":"Klatt","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(71)80042-7","article-title":"Effects of the expressive voice on phonetic symbolism","volume":"10","author":"Kunihira","year":"1971","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0300","unstructured":"Kuznetsova, A., Bruun Brockhoff, P., & Haubo Bojesen Christensen, R. (2015). lmerTest: Tests in linear mixed effects models [Computer software manual]. Retrieved from https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=lmerTest (R package version 2.0-29)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172493","article-title":"GreekLex 2: A comprehensive lexical database with part-of-speech, syllabic, phonological, and stress information","volume":"12","author":"Kyparissiadis","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"2\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290342000311","article-title":"The noun\/verb dissociation in language production: Varieties of causes","volume":"21","author":"Laiacona","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001121","article-title":"The use of acoustic information in lexical ambiguity resolution: An event-related potential study","volume":"29","author":"Leach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X99001776","article-title":"A theory of lexical access in speech production","volume":"22","author":"Levelt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, A., Shi, R., & Hua, W. (2010). Prosodic cues to noun and verb categories in infant-directed Mandarin speech. In Proceedings of speech prosody 2010 (Vol. 100088, pp. 1\u20134). doi: 10.21437\/SpeechProsody.2010.","DOI":"10.21437\/SpeechProsody.2010-231"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0330","first-page":"509","article-title":"Noun distribution in natural languages","volume":"49","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pozna\u0144 Studies in Contemporary Linguistics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1515\/ling-2020-0249","article-title":"Nouns and verbs in the speech signal: Are there phonetic correlates of grammatical category?","volume":"58","author":"Lohmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Linguistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2019.100939","article-title":"Phonetic effects of grammatical category: How category-specific prosodic phrasing and lexical frequency impact the duration of nouns and verbs","volume":"78","author":"Lohmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1075\/ml.19025.loh","article-title":"Testing the storage of prosody-induced phonetic detail via auditory lexical decision: A case study of noun\/verb homophones","volume":"16","author":"Lohmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Mental Lexicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107305","article-title":"Lexical access versus lexical decision processes for auditory, visual, and audiovisual items: Insights from behavioral and neural measures","volume":"137","author":"L\u00f3pez Zunini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1028378","article-title":"The role of category ambiguity in normal and impaired lexical processing: Can you paint without the paint?","volume":"17","author":"Lukic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2008.10.003","article-title":"Noun and verb differences in picture naming: Past studies and new evidence","volume":"45","author":"M\u00e4tzig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0365","article-title":"Prosodic realization and interpretation of English imperatives","volume":"8","author":"McClay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(86)90015-0","article-title":"The TRACE model of speech perception","volume":"18","author":"McClelland","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2006.12.001","article-title":"Part-of-speech persistence: The influence of part-of-speech information on lexical processes","volume":"56","author":"Melinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2015.07.003","article-title":"Neural correlates of verb and noun processing: An fMRI study of Persian","volume":"37","author":"Momenian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Neurolinguistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2014.03.001","article-title":"Nouns, verbs, objects, actions, and abstractions: Local fMRI activity indexes semantics, not lexical categories","volume":"132","author":"Moseley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3641410","article-title":"The influence of actual and imputed talker gender on fricative perception, revisited (L)","volume":"130","author":"Munson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-6709.2008.01007.x","article-title":"The semantics of prosody: Acoustic and perceptual evidence of prosodic correlates to word meaning","volume":"33","author":"Nygaard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194959","article-title":"Resolution of lexical ambiguity by emotional tone of voice","volume":"30","author":"Nygaard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(19)31045-9","article-title":"Linguistic features in fundamental frequency patterns","volume":"7","author":"O\u2019Shaughnessy","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2006.11.017","article-title":"PsychoPy \u2013 Psychophysics software in Python","volume":"162","author":"Peirce","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peti-Stanti\u0107, A., Andel, M., Gnjidi\u0107, V., Kereste\u0161, G., Ljube\u0161i\u0107, N., Masnikosa, I.,...Stanojevi\u0107, M.-M. (2021). The Croatian psycholinguistic database: Estimates for 6000 nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Behavior Research Methods 53(4), 1799\u20131816. doi: 10.3758\/s13428-020-01533-x","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-020-01533-x"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0420","series-title":"Laboratory phonology VII","first-page":"101","article-title":"Word-specific Phonetics","author":"Pierrehumbert","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0425","series-title":"Proceedings of the 17th international congress of phonetic sciences (ICPhS), Hong Kong","first-page":"1598","article-title":"Influences of contextual predictability and lexical prosody on estonian word duration","author":"Piits","year":"2011"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3282ef6fc9","article-title":"Noun\u2013verb naming in aphasia: A voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping study","volume":"18","author":"Piras","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2010.07.004","article-title":"Exploring the role of exposure frequency in recognizing pronunciation variants","volume":"39","author":"Pitt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2011150","article-title":"Lexical frequency and acoustic reduction in spoken Dutch","volume":"118","author":"Pluymaekers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.125.4.410","article-title":"Connectionist modeling of speech perception","volume":"125","author":"Protopapas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/lingvan-2020-0025","article-title":"Phonological and morphological roles modulate the perception of consonant variants","volume":"7","author":"Pycha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Linguistics Vanguard"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2023.101241","article-title":"Phonetic differences between nouns and verbs in their typical syntactic positions in a tonal language: Evidence from disyllabic noun\u2013verb ambiguous words in Standard Mandarin Chinese","volume":"98","author":"Ran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Phonetics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2007.04.001","article-title":"Lexical representation of phonological variation in spoken word recognition","volume":"57","author":"Ranbom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0465","first-page":"1","article-title":"The noun-verb distinction in Catalan Sign Language: An exo-skeletal approach","volume":"22","author":"Ribera-Llonc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sign Language & Linguistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(03)00139-2","article-title":"The role of prosodic boundaries in the resolution of lexical embedding in speech comprehension","volume":"90","author":"Salverda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-018-1604-x","article-title":"Effects of lexical ambiguity, frequency, and acoustic details in auditory perception","volume":"81","author":"Sanker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1918432","article-title":"Word-frequency effect and errors in the perception of speech","volume":"35","author":"Savin","year":"1963","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0485","article-title":"Sources of variability in phonetic perception: The joint influence of listener and talker characteristics on perception of the Korean stop contrast. Laboratory","volume":"10","author":"Schertz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phonology"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5720","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800708115","article-title":"Nouns slow down speech across structurally and culturally diverse languages","volume":"115","author":"Seifart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/lingvan-2019-0063","article-title":"The extent and degree of utterance-final word lengthening in spontaneous speech from 10 languages","volume":"7","author":"Seifart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Linguistics Vanguard"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.1999.2137","article-title":"Hemispheric differences in grammatical class","volume":"70","author":"Sereno","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4002.254","article-title":"Tutorial: An introduction to syntax","volume":"40","author":"Shapiro","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0510","unstructured":"Shi, R. & Moisan, A. (2008). Prosodic cues to noun and verb categories in infant-directed speech. In BUCLD 32: Proceedings of the 32th annual Boston University conference on language development (Vol. 2, pp. 450\u2013461)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0515","series-title":"Experimental approaches to phonology","first-page":"302","article-title":"Controlled and Mechanical Properties in Speech: A Review of the Literature","author":"Sol\u00e9","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2017.1396572","article-title":"Investigating comprehension of nouns and verbs: Is there a difference?","volume":"32","author":"Soloukhina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(78)90019-7","article-title":"Speech timing of grammatical categories","volume":"6","author":"Sorensen","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0530","series-title":"Natural language processing and speech technology: Results of the 3rd KONVENS conference, Bielefeld, October 1996","first-page":"14","article-title":"Gradient and visual speaker normalization in the perception of fricatives","author":"Strand","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0535","first-page":"423","article-title":"Determinants of phonetic word duration in ten language documentation corpora: Word frequency, complexity, position, and part of speech","volume":"14","author":"Strunk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Language Documentation & Conservation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0540","series-title":"Understanding language through sign language research","first-page":"91","article-title":"How many seats in a chair? The derivation of nouns and verbs in American Sign Language","author":"Supalla","year":"1978"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70174-6","article-title":"Timed action and object naming","volume":"41","author":"Szekely","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, K. & Shaw, J. (2021). Prosody leaks into the memories of words. Cognition 210, Article 104601. doi: 10.1016\/j.cognition.2021.104601.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2021.104601"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/02687039708248485","article-title":"Agrammatic and non-brain-damaged subjects\u2019 verb and verb argument structure production","volume":"11","author":"Thompson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.12.018","article-title":"Distinguishable neural correlates of verbs and nouns: A MEG study on homonyms","volume":"54","author":"Tsigka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03201200","article-title":"Contrasting effects of age of acquisition and word frequency on auditory and visual lexical decision","volume":"26","author":"Turner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2003.10.001","article-title":"Neural processing of nouns and verbs: The role of inflectional morphology","volume":"42","author":"Tyler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.8.1619","article-title":"The neural representation of nouns and verbs: PET studies","volume":"124","author":"Tyler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2004.06.004","article-title":"Semantic similarity and grammatical class in naming actions","volume":"94","author":"Vigliocco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1080\/09296174.2013.830553","article-title":"Domain differences in the distribution of parts of speech and dependency relations in Hungarian","volume":"20","author":"Vincze","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Quantitative Linguistics"},{"issue":"3\u20135","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0911-6044(01)00037-9","article-title":"A semantic analysis of grammatical class impairments: semantic representations of object nouns, action nouns and action verbs","volume":"15","author":"Vinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Neurolinguistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s10936-018-9621-4","article-title":"Levels of abstractness in semantic noun and verb processing: The role of sensory-perceptual and sensory-motor information","volume":"48","author":"Vonk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0600","series-title":"In Proceedings of the 8th ExLing2017","first-page":"113","article-title":"Effects of part of speech: Primitive or derived from word frequency?","author":"Wang","year":"2017"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03198257","article-title":"Duration differences between rare and common words and their implications for the interpretation of word frequency effects","volume":"7","author":"Wright","year":"1979","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0610","series-title":"Cross-regional word duration patterns in Mandarin (Unpublished doctoral dissertation)","author":"Wu","year":"2017"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930143000086","article-title":"Speech perception and vocal expression of emotion","volume":"15","author":"Wurm","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cognition & Emotion"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1177\/0142723711409976","article-title":"On the role of morphological richness in the early development of noun and verb inflection","volume":"31","author":"Xanthos","year":"2011","journal-title":"First Language"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/09296179808590136","article-title":"Word class frequencies in Brazilian-Portuguese press texts","volume":"5","author":"Ziegler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Quantitative Linguistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500_b0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(90)90002-X","article-title":"Retrieval of nouns and verbs in agrammatism and anomia","volume":"39","author":"Zingeser","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain and Language"}],"container-title":["Journal of Phonetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0095447026000288?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0095447026000288?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T19:31:55Z","timestamp":1779219115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0095447026000288"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":126,"alternative-id":["S0095447026000288"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500","relation":{},"ISSN":["0095-4470"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0095-4470","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Acoustic influences on part-of-speech decisions with category-ambiguous words","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Phonetics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wocn.2026.101500","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101500"}}