{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T05:11:09Z","timestamp":1775020269992,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,1]],"date-time":"1999-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":922924800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Psychologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0001-6918(99)00004-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,7]],"date-time":"2003-04-07T16:11:55Z","timestamp":1049731915000},"page":"159-178","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":400,"title":["Prefrontal cortex regulates inhibition and excitation in distributed neural networks"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Robert T.","family":"Knight","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"W.","family":"Richard Staines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Swick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Linda L.","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexander, G. E., Newman, J. D., & Symmes, D. (1976). Convergence of prefrontal and acoustic inputs upon neurons in the superior temporal gyrus of the awake squirrel monkey. Brain Research, 116, 334\u2013338","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90913-6"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akbarian, S., Huntsman, M. M., Kim, J. J., Tafazolli, A., Potkin, S. G., Bunney, W. E., & Jones, E. G. (1995). GABAa receptor subunit gene expression in human prefrontal cortex: comparison of controls and schizophrenics. Cerebral Cortex, 5, 550\u2013560","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/5.6.550"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akbarian, S., Kim, J. J., Potkin, S. G., Hetrick, W. P., Bunney, W. E., & Jones, E. G. (1996). Maldistribution of interstitial neurons in prefrontal white matter of the brains of schizophrenic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 425\u2013436","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830050061010"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apps, R., Atkins, M. J., & Garwicz, M. (1997). Gating of cutaneous input to cerebellar climbing fibres during a reaching task in the cat. Journal of Physiology, 502, 203\u2013214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1997.203bl.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baddeley, A. (1992a). Working memory. Science, 255, 556\u2013560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1736359"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baddeley, A. (1992b). Working memory; the interface between memory and cognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 4, 281\u2013288","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1992.4.3.281"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartus, R. T., & Levere, T. E. (1977). Frontal decortication in Rhesus monkeys. A test of the interference hypothesis. Brain Research, 119, 233\u2013248","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(77)90103-2"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broadbent, D. E. (1958). Perception and communication. London: Pergamon Press","DOI":"10.1037\/10037-000"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB9","unstructured":"Brodmann, K. (1909). Vergleichende lokalisationlehre der grosshirnrinde in ihren prinzipoen dargestellt auf grund des zellenbaues (p. 324). Leipzig: JA Barth"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brutkowski, S. (1965). Functions of prefrontal cortex in animals. Physiological Reviews, 45, 721\u2013746","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1965.45.4.721"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boutros, N. N., Zouridakis, G., & Overall, J. (1991a). Replication and extension of P50 findings in schizoprenia. Clinical Electroencephalography, 22 (1), 40\u201345","DOI":"10.1177\/155005949102200109"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boutros, N. N., Overall, J., & Zouridakis, G. (1991b). Test-retest reliability of the mid-latency auditiry evoked response. Psychiatry Research, 39, 181\u2013192","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(91)90086-5"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchtel, C., & Friston, K. J. (1997). Modulation of connectivity in visual pathways by attention: cortical interations evaluated with structures equation modelling and fMRI. Cerebral Cortex, 7, 768\u2013778","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/7.8.768"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chao, L. L., & Knight, R. T. (1995). Human prefrontal lesions increase distractibility to irrelevant sensory inputs. Neuroreport,6, 1605\u20131610","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199508000-00005"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chao, L. L., & Knight, R. T. (1998). Contribution of human prefrontal cortex to delay performance. J. Cognitive Neuroscience, 10 (2), 167\u2013177","DOI":"10.1162\/089892998562636"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chapin, J. K., & Woodward, D. J. (1981). Modulation of sensory responsiveness of single somatosensory cortical cells during movement and arousal behaviors. Experimental Neurology, 72, 164\u2013178","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(81)90135-7"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, J., Brooke, J. D., Misiaszek, J. E., & Staines, W. R. (1995). The relationship between the kinematics of passive movement, the stretch of extensor muscles of the leg and the change induced in the gain of the soleus H reflex in humans. Brain Research, 672, 89\u201396","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)01321-8"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chudler, E. H., & Dong, W. K. (1995). The role of the basal ganglia in nociception and pain. Pain, 60, 3\u201338","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)00172-B"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, J. D., Braver, S. B., & O\u2019Reilly, R. C. (1996). A computational approach to prefrontal cortex, cognitive control and schizophrenia: recent developments and current challenges. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 351, 1515\u20131527","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1996.0138"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curran, T., Tucker, D. M., Kutas, M., & Posner, M. I. (1993). Topography of the N400: brain electrical activity reflecting semantic expectancy. Electroencephalography and clinical Neurophysiology, 88, 188\u2013209","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(93)90004-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB20","unstructured":"Damasio, A. S. (1985). The frontal lobes. In K. M. Heilman, E. Valenstein, Clinical neuropsychology (2nd ed., pp. 339\u2013374). New York: Oxford University Press"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desmedt, J. E., Hut, N. T., & Bourguet, M. (1983). The cognitive P40, N60 and P100 components of somatosensory evoked potentials and the earliest signs of sensory processing in man. Electroencephalography and clinical Neurophysiology, 56, 272\u2013282","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(83)90252-3"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edinger, H. M., Siegel, A., & Troiano, R. (1975). Effect of stimulation of prefrontal cortex and amygdala diencephalic neurons. Brain Research, 97, 17\u201331","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(75)90911-7"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB23","unstructured":"Freedman, R., Adler, L. E., Waldo, M. C., Pachtman, E., & Franks, R. D. (1983). Neurophysiological evidence for a defect in inhibitory pathways in schizophrenia: comparison of medicated and drug-free patients. Biological Psychiatry, 18, 537\u2013551"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freedman, R., Coon, H., Myles-Worsley, M., Orr-Urtreger, A., Olincy, A., Davis, A., Polymeropoulos, M., Holik, J., Hopkins, J., Rosenthal, J., Waldo, M. C., Reimherr, F., Wender, P., Yaw, J., Young, D. A., Breese, C. R., Adams, C., Parrerson, D., Adler, L. E., Kruglyak, L., Leonard, S., & Byerly, W. (1997). Linkage of a neurophysiological deficit in schizophrenia to a chromosome 15 locus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94, 587\u2013592","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.2.587"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedman, H. R., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1994). Coactivation of prefrontal and inferior parietal cortex in working memory tasks revealed by 2DG functional mapping in the Rhesus monkey. Neuroscience, 14, 2775\u20132788","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-05-02775.1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Funahashi, S., Burce, C. J., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1993). Dorsolateral prefrontal lesions and oculomotor delayed-response performance: Evidence for mnemonic scotomas. Journal of Neuroscience, 13, 1479\u20131497","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01479.1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB27","unstructured":"Fuster, J. M. (1985). The prefrontal cortex, mediator of cross-temporal contingencies. Human Neurobiology, 4, 169\u2013179"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB28","unstructured":"Fuster, J. M. (1989). The prefrontal cortex: anatomy, physiology, and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe (2nd ed.). New York: Raven Press"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galambos, R. (1956). Suppression of auditory nerve activity by stimulation of efferent fibers to the cochlea. Journal of Neurophysiology, 19, 424\u2013437","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1956.19.5.424"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldman-Rakic, P. S., Selemon, L. D., & Schwartz, M. L. (1984). Dual pathways connecting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal cortex in the Rhesus monkey. Neuroscience, 12, 719\u2013743","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(84)90166-0"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1987). Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory. In F. Plum, Handbook of physiology: the nervous system (pp. 373\u2013417). Baltimore: American Physiology Society Baltimore","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.cp010509"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez-Gonzalez, C. M. G., Clark, V. P., Fan, S., Luck, S. J., & Hillyard, S. A. (1994). Sources of attention-sensitive visual event-related potentials. Brain Topography, 7, 41\u201351","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01184836"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gosh, S., Murray, G. M., Turman, A. B., & Rowe, M. J. (1994). Corticothalamic influences on transmission of tactile information in the ventroposterolateral thalamus of the cat: effect of reversible inactivation of somatosensory cortical areas I and II. Experimental Brain Research, 100, 276\u2013286","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00227197"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffith, J., Hoffer, L. E., Adler, L. E., & Zerbe, G. O. (1995). Effects of sound intensity on a midlatency evoked response to repeated auditory stimuli in schizophrenics and normal controls. Psychophysiology, 32, 460\u2013466","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1995.tb02097.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guillery, R. W., Feig, S. L., & Lozsade, D. A. (1998). Paying attention to the thalamic reticular nucleus. Trends in Neuroscience, 21, 28\u201332","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(97)01157-0"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guitton, D., Buchtel, H. A., & Douglas, R.M. (1985). Frontal lobe lesions in man cause difficulties in suppressing reflexive glances and in generating goal-directed saccades. Experimental Brain Research, 58, 455\u2013472","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00235863"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansen, J.C., & Hillyard, S. A. (1980). Endogenous brain potentials associated with selective auditory attention. Electroencephalogr Clinical Neurophysiology, 49, 277\u2013290","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(80)90222-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hier, D. B., Mondlock, J., & Caplan, L. R. (1983). Recovery of behavioral abnormalities after right hemisphere stroke. Neurology, 33, 345\u2013350","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.3.345"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hillyard, S. A., Hink, R. F., Schwent, U. L., & Picton, T. W. (1973). Electrical signs of selective attention in the human brain. Science, 182, 177\u2013180","DOI":"10.1126\/science.182.4108.177"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hillyard, S. A., & Picton, T. W. (1987). Electrophysiology of cognition. In F. Plum, Handbook of physiology: the nervous system (pp. 519\u2013584). Baltimore: American Physiology Society","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.cp010513"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobsen, C. F. (1935). Functions of frontal association areas in primates. XXXArchives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 33, 58\u2013569","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1935.02250150108009"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janowsky, J. S., Shimamura, A. P., Kritchevsky, M., & Squire, L. R. (1989a). Cognitive impairment following frontal lobe damage and its relevance to human amnesia. Behavioral Neuroscience, 103, 548\u2013560","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.103.3.548"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janowsky, J. S., Shimamura, A. P., & Squire, L. R. (1989b). Source memory impairment in patients with frontal lobe lesions. Neuropsychologia, 27, 1043\u20131056","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(89)90184-X"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., Koeppe, R. A., Mioshima, S., & Mintun, M. A. (1993). Spatial working memory in humans as revealed by PET. Nature, 363, 623\u2013625","DOI":"10.1038\/363623a0"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB45","unstructured":"Kahneman, D., & Treisman, A. (1984). Changing views of attention of automaticity. In R. Parasuraman & R. Davies, Varieties of attention (pp. 29\u201361). San Diego: Academic Press"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kathman, N., & Engel, R. R. (1990). Sensory gating in normals and schizophrenics: a failure to find strong P50 suppression in normals. Biological Psychiatry, 27, 1216\u20131226","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(90)90419-3"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kertesz, A., & Dobrolowski, S. (1981). Right-hemisphere deficits, lesion size and location. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 3, 283\u2013299","DOI":"10.1080\/01688638108403133"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight, R. T., Hillyard, S. A., Woods, D. L., & Neville, H. J. (1981). The effects of frontal cortex lesions on event-related potentials during auditory selective attention. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 52, 571\u2013582","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(81)91431-0"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight, R. T. (1984). Decreased response to novel stimuli after prefrontal lesions in man. Electroencephalography and clinical Neurophysiology, 59, 9\u201320","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(84)90016-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight, R. T., Scabini, D., & Woods, D. L. (1989a). Prefrontal Cortex gating of auditory transmission in humans. Brain Research, 504, 338\u2013342","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(89)91381-4"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight, R. T., Scabini, D., Woods, D. L., & Clayworth, C. C., (1989b). Contribution of the temporal-parietal junction to the auditory P3. Brain Research, 502, 109\u2013116","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(89)90466-6"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight, R. T. (1991). Evoked potential studies of attention capacity in human frontal lobe lesions. In H. Levin, H. Eisenberg & F. Benton, Frontal lobe function and dysfunction (pp. 139\u2013153). New York: Oxford University Press","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195062847.003.0007"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight, R. T., (1994). Attention regulation and human prefrontal cortex. In A. M. Thierry, J. Glowinski, P. Goldman-Rakic & Y. Christen (pp. 160\u2013173). Motor and cognitive functions of the prefrontal cortex. Research and Perspectives in Neurosciences","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-85007-3_11"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB54","unstructured":"Knight, R. T., & Grabowecky, M. (1995). Escape from linear time: prefrontal cortex and conscious experience. In M. Gazzaniga, The cognitive neurosciences (pp. 1357\u20131371). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight, R. T. (1996). Contribution of human hippocampal region to novelty detection. Nature, 383, 256\u2013259","DOI":"10.1038\/383256a0"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knight, R. T. (1997). Distributed cortical network for visual stimulus detection. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 75\u201391","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1997.9.1.75"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB57","unstructured":"Knight, R. T., Finkbeiner, A., & Lawler, R. (in preparation). Prefrontal cortex dysfunction contributes to the schizophrenic P50 gating deficit"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraus, N., Ozdamar, O., & Stein, L. (1982). Auditory middle latency responses (MLRs) in patients with cortical lesions. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 54, 275\u2013287","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(82)90177-8"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leuders, H., Leser, R. P., Hard, J., Dinner, D. S., & Klem, G. (1983). Cortical somatosensory evoked potentials in response to hand stimulation. Journal of Neurosurgery, 58, 885\u2013894","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1983.58.6.0885"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lhermitte, F., Pillon, B., & Serdaru, M. (1986). Human anatomy and the frontal lobes. Part I: Imitation and utilization behavior: A neuropsychological study of 75 patients. Annals of Neurology, 19, 326\u2013334","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410190404"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lhermitte, F. (1986). Human autonomy and the frontal lobes. Part II: patient behavior in complex and social situations: the \u201cenvironmental dependency syndrome\u201d. Annals of Neurology, 19, 335\u2013343","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410190405"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luck, S. J., Heinze, H. J., Mangun, G. R., & Hillyard, S. A. (1990). Visual event-related potentials index focussed attention within bilateral stimulus arrays. II. Functional dissociation of P1 and N1 components. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 75, 528\u2013542","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(90)90139-B"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacKay, W. A., & Crammond, D. J. (1989). Cortical modification of sensorimotor linkages in relation to intended action. In W. A. Hershberger Volitional action (pp. 169\u2013193). Elsevier: New York","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)61911-1"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malmo, R. R. (1942). Interference factors in delayed response in monkeys after removal of frontal lobes. J. Neurophysiology, 5, 295\u2013308","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1942.5.4.295"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mangun, G. R., & Hillyard, S. A. (1988). Spatial gradients of visual attention: behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Electroencephalography and clinical Neurophysiology, 70, 417\u2013428","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(88)90019-3"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mangun, G. R. (1995). Neural mechanisms of visual selective attention. Psychophysiology, 32, 4\u201318","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1995.tb03400.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCallum, W. C. Curry, S. H., Cooper, R., Pocock, P. V., & Papakostopoulos, D. (1983). Brain event-related potentials as indicators of early selective processes in auditory target localization. Psychophysiology, 20, 1\u201317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1983.tb00891.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGhie, A., & Chapman, J. (1961). Disorders of attention and perception in early schizophrenia. British Journal of Medicine Psychology, 34, 103\u2013116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1961.tb00936.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McIntosh. A. R., Grady, C. L., Ungerleider, L. G., Haxby, J. V., Rapoport, S. I., & Horwitz, B. (1994). Network analysis of cortical visual pathways mapped with PET. J. Neuroscience, 14, 655\u2013666","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-02-00655.1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesulam, M. M. (1981). A cortical network for directed attention and unilateral neglect. Annals of Neurology, 10, 309\u2013325","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410100402"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neville, H., Kutas, M., Chesney, G., & Schmidt, A. (1986). Event-related brain potentials during initial encoding and recognition memory of congruous and incongruous words. Journal of Memory and Language, 25, 75\u201392","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-596X(86)90022-7"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB72","unstructured":"Pandya, D. N., & Barnes, C. L. (1987). Architecture and connections of the frontal lobe. In E. Perecman The frontal lobes revisited (pp. 41\u201372). New York: IRBN"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrides, M., Alivasatos, B., Meyer, E., & Evans, A. C. (1993a). Dissociation of human mid-dorsolateral from posterior dorsolateral frontal cortex in memory processing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 90, 873\u2013877","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.3.873"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrides, M., Alivisatos, B., Meyer, E., & Evans, A. C. (1993b). Functional activation of the human prefrontal cortex during the performance of verbal working memory tasks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 90, 878\u2013882","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.3.878"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierrot-Deseillingny, C. H., Rivaud, S., Gaymard, B., & Agid, Y. (1991). Cortical control of reflexive visually-guided saccades. Brain, 114, 1473\u20131485","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.3.1473"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB76","unstructured":"Raines, G., Azaad, W. F., & Miller, E. K. (1998). Selective representation of relevant information in the primate prefrontal cortex. Natwe, 393, 577\u2013579"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajkowska, G., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1995a). Cytoarchitechtonic definition of prefrontal areas in the normal human cortex: I. Remapping of areas 9 and 46 using quantitative criteria. Cerebral Cortex, 5, 307\u2013322","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/5.4.307"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajkowska, G., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S., (1995b). Cytoarchitechtonic definition of prefrontal areas in the normal human cortex: II. Variability in locations of areas 9 and 46 and relationship to the Talairach coordinate system. Cerebral Cortex, 5, 323\u2013337","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/5.4.323"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richer, F., Decary, A., Lapierre, M. F., Rouleau, I., Bouvier, G., & Saint-Hilaire, J. M. (1993), Target detection deficits in frontal lobectomy. Brain and Cognition, 21, 203\u2013211","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.1993.1016"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB80","unstructured":"Roland, P.E. (1982). Cortical regulation of selective attention in man. A regional cerebral blood flow study. Journal of Neurophysiology, 48, 1059\u20131078"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimamura, A. P., Janowsky, J. S., & Squire, L. R. (1990). Memory for the temporal order of events in patients with frontal lobe lesions and amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia, 28, 803\u2013814","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(90)90004-8"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB82","unstructured":"Shimamura, A. P. (1995a). Memory and the frontal lobe. In M. Gazzaniga, The cognitive neurosciences (pp. 803\u2013813). Boston: MIT Press"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimamura, A. P., Jurica, P. J., Mangels, J. A., Gershberg, F. B., & Knight, R. T. (1995b). Susceptibility to memory interference effects following frontal lobe damage: findings from tests of paired-associated learning. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 7, 144\u2013152","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1995.7.2.144"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, H. -C., & Chapin, J. K. (1990a). Modulation of afferent transmission to single neurons in the ventroposterior thalamus during movement in rats. Neuroscience Letters, 108, 116\u2013120","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(90)90716-M"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, H. -C., & Chapin, J. K. (1990b). Movement induced modulation of afferent transmission to single neurons in the ventroposterior thalamus and somatosensory cortex in rat. Experimental Brain Research, 81, 515\u2013522","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02423500"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB86","unstructured":"Skinner, J. E., & Yingling, C. D. (1977). Central gating mechanisms that regulate event-related potentials and behavior. Progress in Clinical Neurophysiology, 1, 30\u201369"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, D. A., Boutros, N. A., & Schwarzkopf, S. B. (1994). Reliability of P50 auditory event-related potential indices of sensory gating. Psychophysiology, 31, 495\u2013502","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1994.tb01053.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stein, S., & Volpe, B. T. (1983). Classic parietal neglect syndrome after subcortical right frontal lobe infarction. Neurology, 33, 797\u2013799","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.6.797"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stuss, D. T., & Benson, F. (1984). Neuropsychological studies of the frontal lobes. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 3\u201328","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.95.1.3"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB90","unstructured":"Stuss, D. T., Benson, D. F. (1986). The frontal lobes. New York: Raven Press"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutherling, W. W., Crandall, P. H., Darcey, T. M., Becker, D. P., Levesque, M. F., & Barth, D. S. (1988). The magnetic and electric fields agree with intracranial localizations of somatosensory cortex. Neurology, 38, 1705\u20131714","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.11.1705"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB92","unstructured":"Swick, D., & Knight, R. T. (1996). Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates visual processing in extrastriate cortex. Society for Neuroscience, Abstracts, 22, 1107"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB93","unstructured":"Swick, D., & Knight, R. T., Lesion (in press). studies of prefrontal cortex modulates visual processing in extrastriate cortex. In R. Parasuraman, The attentive brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swick, D., (in press). Effects of prefrontal lesions on lexical processing and repetition priming: and ERP study. Cognitive Brain Research","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(98)00019-6"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Treisman, A. M. (1960). Contextual cues in selective listening. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12, 242\u2013248","DOI":"10.1080\/17470216008416732"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsumoto, T., Nakamura, S., & Iwama, K. (1975). Pyramidal tract control over cutaneous and kinesthetic sensory transmission in the cat thalamus. Experimental Brain Research, 22, 281\u2013294","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00234770"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB97","unstructured":"Venables, P. (1964). Input dysfunction in schizophrenia. In B. A. Maher, Progess in experimental personality research (pp. 1\u201347). Orlando: Academic Press"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vendrell, P., Junque C., Pujol, J., Jurado, M. A., Molet, J., & Grafman, J. (1995). The role of prefrontal regions in the Stroop task. Neuropsychologia, 33, 341\u2013352","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(94)00116-7"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wada, J.A., Clarke, R., & Hamm, A. (1975). Cerebral hemispheric asymmetry in humans. Archives of Neurology, 32, 239\u2013246","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1975.00490460055007"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webster, M. J., Bachevalier, J., & Ungerleider, L. G. (1994). Connections of inferior temporal areas TEO and TE with parietal and frontal cortex in macaque monkeys. Cerebral Cortex, 5, 470\u2013483","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/4.5.470"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weinberger, D.R., Luchins, D.J., Morisha, J., & Wyatt, R. J. (1982). Asymmetric volumes of the right and the left frontal and occipital regions of the human brain. Annals of Neurology, 11, 97\u2013100","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410110118"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weinberger, D. R., Berman, K. F., & Zec, R. F. (1986). Physiological dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia, I: regional cerebral blood flow evidence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 114\u2013124","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800020020004"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weinberger, D. R., Berman, K. F., Suddath, R., & Torrey, E. F. (1992). Evidence of dysfunction of a prefrontal-limbic network in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging and regional blood flow study of discordant monozygotic twins. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 890\u2013897","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.7.890"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woldorff, M. G., & Hillyard, S.A. (1991). Modulation of early auditory processing during selective listening to rapidly presented tones. Electroencephalograph of Clinical Neurophysiology, 79, 170\u2013191","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(91)90136-R"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood, C. C., Spencer, D. D., Allison, T., McCarthy, G., Williamson, P. D., & Goff, W. B. (1988). Localization of human sensorimotor cortex during surgery by cortical surface recording of somatosensory evoked potentials. Journal of Neurosurgery, 68, 99\u2013111","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1988.68.1.0099"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB106","unstructured":"Woods, D. L., & Hillyard, S. A. (1978). Attention at the cocktail party: Brainstem evoked responses reveal no peripheral gating. In D. A. Otto, Multidisciplinary perspectives in event-related brain potential research (pp. 230\u2013233). Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woods, D. L. (1990). The physiological basis of selective attention: implications of event-related potential studies. In J. Rohrbaugh, J. R. Johnson & R. Parasurman, Event-related brain potentials (pp. 178\u2013210). New York: Oxford University Press","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195048919.003.0013"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woods, D. L., & Knight, R. T. (1986). Electrophysiological evidence of increased distractibility after dorsolateral prefrontal lesions. Neurology, 36, 212\u2013216","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.2.212"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woods, D. L, Knight, R. T., & Scabini, D. (1993). Anatomical substrates of auditory selective attention: behavioral and electrophysiological effects of temporal and parietal lesions. Cognitive Brain Research, 1, 227\u2013240","DOI":"10.1016\/0926-6410(93)90007-R"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamaguchi, S., & Knight, R. T. (1990). Gating of somatosensory input by human prefrontal cortex. Brain Research, 521, 281\u2013288","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)91553-S"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamaguchi, S., & Knight, R. T. (1991). Anterior and posterior association cortex contributions to the somatosensory P300. Journal of Neuroscience, 11, 2039\u20132054","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-07-02039.1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamamoto, T., Samejima, A., & Oka, H. (1988). Short latency activation of local circuit neurons in the cat somatosensory cortex. Brain Research, 461, 199\u2013203","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)90742-1"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00004-9_BIB113","unstructured":"Yingling, C. D, & Skinner, J. E. (1977). Gating of thalamic input to cerebral cortex by nucleus reticularis thalami. ProgressClinical Neurophysiology, 1, 70\u201396"}],"container-title":["Acta Psychologica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001691899000049?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001691899000049?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T13:15:00Z","timestamp":1704114900000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001691899000049"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,4]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0001691899000049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0001-6918(99)00004-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-6918"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-6918","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,4]]}}}