{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T21:15:32Z","timestamp":1779916532228,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,10,1]],"date-time":"2000-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":970358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-3223(00)00999-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T13:14:12Z","timestamp":1027602852000},"page":"861-873","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":273,"title":["Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in the prefrontal cortex distinguishes younger from older adults in major depressive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Javier","family":"Miguel-Hidalgo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christie","family":"Baucom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ginny","family":"Dilley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James C","family":"Overholser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herbert Y","family":"Meltzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig A","family":"Stockmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grazyna","family":"Rajkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.4.562","article-title":"Clinically defined vascular depression","volume":"154","author":"Alexopoulos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB2","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010050425","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive astrocytosis in elderly patients with schizophrenia and dementia","volume":"91","author":"Arnold","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1177\/34.8.2426335","article-title":"The influence of protease digestion and duration of fixation on the immunostaining of keratins. A comparison of formalin and ethanol fixation","volume":"34","author":"Battifora","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/19.3.537","article-title":"Neurobiological investigations in cingulate cortex of schizophrenic brain","volume":"19","author":"Benes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092430115","article-title":"Age-induced hypertrophy of astrocytes in rat supraoptic nucleus","volume":"243","author":"Berciano","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB7","series-title":"Neuroglia","first-page":"843","article-title":"Gliosis","author":"Bignami","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02935611","article-title":"Glutamate and GABA receptors in vertebrate glial cells","volume":"5","author":"Blankenfeld","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB9","series-title":"The Human Brain in Figures and Tables","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/19.2.431","article-title":"Recent advances in the neuropathology of schizophrenia","volume":"19","author":"Bogerts","year":"1993","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(18)30688-9","article-title":"Suicide","volume":"8","author":"Clayton","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199908000-00010","article-title":"Multiple microvascular and astroglial 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor subtypes in human brain","volume":"19","author":"Cohen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.1.90","article-title":"Mind glue. Implications of glial cell biology for psychiatry","volume":"57","author":"Coyle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB14","first-page":"749","article-title":"Normal cerebral aging","volume":"317","author":"David","year":"1994","journal-title":"C R Acad Sci III"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00708-8","article-title":"Glial reaction in the hippocampal formation is highly correlated with aging in human brain","volume":"235","author":"David","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-0436.1984.tb01355.x","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies specific for glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein and for each of the neurofilament triplet polypeptides","volume":"25","author":"Debus","year":"1983","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB17","series-title":"Neuroregeneration","first-page":"61","article-title":"Supporting cells","author":"de Vellis","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(88)90162-X","article-title":"Limbic pathology in schizophrenia","volume":"24","author":"Falkai","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2990.1999.00162.x","article-title":"No evidence for astrogliosis in brains of schizophrenic patients. A post-mortem study","volume":"25","author":"Falkai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440040307","article-title":"Characterization of glutamate uptake systems in astrocyte primary cultures from rat brain","volume":"4","author":"Flott","year":"1991","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB21","first-page":"67","article-title":"Unexpected immunoreactivity of intermediate filament antibodies in human brain and brain tumors","volume":"139","author":"Franke","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19960729)371:3<362::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Reactive astrocyte formation in vivo is regulated by noradrenergic axons","volume":"371","author":"Griffith","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(87)90051-0","article-title":"An immunohistochemical quantification of fibrous astrocytes in the aging human cerebral cortex","volume":"8","author":"Hansen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/23.3.403","article-title":"Neuropathology of schizophrenia","volume":"23","author":"Heckers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(98)00206-X","article-title":"Cultured astrocytes express messenger RNA for multiple serotonin receptor subtypes, without functional coupling of 5-HT1 receptor subtypes to adenylyl cyclase","volume":"61","author":"Hirst","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res Mol Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199605)17:1<52::AID-GLIA5>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Beta-adrenergic receptors regulate astrogliosis and cell proliferation in the central nervous system in vivo","volume":"17","author":"Hodges-Savola","year":"1996","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1177\/107385849600200113","article-title":"Functional brain imaging, limbic function, and affective disorders","volume":"2","author":"Ketter","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3890180","article-title":"High-affinity uptake of serotonin into immunocytochemically identified astrocytes","volume":"228","author":"Kimelberg","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.4.497","article-title":"MRI-defined vascular depression","volume":"154","author":"Krishnan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.5.785","article-title":"Clinical and phenomenological comparisons of late-onset and early-onset depression","volume":"152","author":"Krishnan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB31","first-page":"21","article-title":"Functional brain imaging in late-life depression and dementia","volume":"54","author":"Kumar","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(90)90290-F","article-title":"Neuron-glia interactions","volume":"51","author":"Le Prince","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res Dev Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)00594-0","article-title":"Ciliary neurotrophic factor stimulates nuclear hypertrophy and increases the GFAP content of cultured astrocytes","volume":"803","author":"Levison","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1999.0471","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of brain energy metabolism and their relevance to functional brain imaging","volume":"354","author":"Magistretti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5401.496","article-title":"Energy on demand","volume":"283","author":"Magistretti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB36","series-title":"Neuroglia","first-page":"354","article-title":"Astroglial adrenergic receptors","author":"McCarthy","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(99)00114-4","article-title":"Immunohistochemistry of neural markers for the study of the laminar cytoarchitecture in celloidin sections from the human cerebral cortex","volume":"93","author":"Miguel-Hidalgo","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(98)00334-0","article-title":"The mosaic of brain glial hyperactivity during normal aging and its attenuation by food restriction","volume":"89","author":"Morgan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB39","series-title":"Neuroglia","first-page":"805","article-title":"Glial cells and activity-dependent central nervous system plasticity","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(93)90100-P","article-title":"GFAP mRNA increases with age in rat and human brain","volume":"14","author":"Nichols","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB41","series-title":"The Role of Glia in Neurotoxicity","first-page":"93","article-title":"Reactive astrocytosis","author":"Norenberg","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13290","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.22.13290","article-title":"Glial reduction in the subgenual prefrontal cortex in mood disorders","volume":"95","author":"\u00d6ng\u00fcr","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB43","first-page":"4","article-title":"Adrenoceptors and serotonin receptor function","volume":"57","author":"Potter","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/5.4.307","article-title":"Cytoarchitectonic definition of prefrontal areas in the normal human cortex","volume":"4","author":"Rajkowska","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/5.4.323","article-title":"Cytoarchitectonic definition of prefrontal areas in the normal human cortex","volume":"4","author":"Rajkowska","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00041-4","article-title":"Morphometric evidence for neuronal and glial prefrontal cell pathology in major depression","volume":"45","author":"Rajkowska","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(97)82115-9","article-title":"Marked neuronal neuropathology in prefrontal cortex distinguishes bipolar disorder from schizophrenia","volume":"24","author":"Rajkowska","year":"1997","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.3.215","article-title":"Neuronal and glial somal size in the prefrontal cortex","volume":"55","author":"Rajkowska","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(87)90104-1","article-title":"Is there gliosis in schizophrenia? Investigation of the temporal lobe","volume":"22","author":"Roberts","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01294.x","article-title":"The extraneuronal transporter for monoamine transmitters exists in cells derived from human central nervous system glia","volume":"8","author":"Russ","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB51","series-title":"Neuroglia","first-page":"246","article-title":"Transport of neuroactive aminoacids in astrocytes","author":"Schousboe","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19980316)392:3<402::AID-CNE9>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Elevated neuronal density in prefrontal area 46 in brains from schizophrenic patients","volume":"392","author":"Selemon","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00113-4","article-title":"Increased volume and glial density in primate prefrontal cortex associated with chronic antipsychotic drug exposure","volume":"46","author":"Selemon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950220015005","article-title":"Abnormally high neuronal density in the schizophrenic cortex","volume":"52","author":"Selemon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(98)00139-9","article-title":"Behavioural and glial changes in old rats following environmental enrichment","volume":"101","author":"Soffie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1993.1056","article-title":"Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade suppresses glial scar formation","volume":"120","author":"Sutin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(92)90057-5","article-title":"Resting and reactive astrocytes express adrenergic receptors in the adult rat brain","volume":"29","author":"Sutin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1983.04050010034008","article-title":"Developmental changes of glial fibrillary acidic protein in cerebral white matter","volume":"40","author":"Takashima","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB59","series-title":"Neuroglia","first-page":"346","article-title":"Acetylcholine and serotonin receptor activation","author":"Walz","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1993.tb00448.x","article-title":"Astroglial changes in the cerebral cortex of AIDS brains","volume":"19","author":"Weis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB61","first-page":"335","article-title":"Three-dimensional counting","volume":"281","author":"Williams","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902780305","article-title":"Three-dimensional counting","volume":"278","author":"Williams","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00183-3","article-title":". Decreased dorsolateral prefrontal N-acetyl aspartate in bipolar disorder","volume":"47","author":"Winsberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00999-9_BIB64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903080303","article-title":"Mapping of glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactivity in the rat forebrain and mesencephalon by computerized image analysis","volume":"308","author":"Zilles","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"}],"container-title":["Biological Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322300009999?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006322300009999?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,12]],"date-time":"2020-01-12T20:12:39Z","timestamp":1578859959000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006322300009999"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,10]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0006322300009999"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0006-3223(00)00999-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-3223"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3223","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,10]]}}}