{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T10:55:42Z","timestamp":1780484142675,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,1]],"date-time":"1999-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":922924800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,1]],"date-time":"1999-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":922924800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,6]],"date-time":"2010-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3933,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biophysical Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-3495(99)77386-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,6]],"date-time":"2009-01-06T07:21:17Z","timestamp":1231226477000},"page":"2307-2316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1132,"title":["Stresses at the Cell-to-Substrate Interface during Locomotion of Fibroblasts"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Micah","family":"Dembo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(70)90646-4","article-title":"The locomotion of fibroblasts in culture. I. Movements of the leading edge","volume":"59","author":"Abercrombie","year":"1970","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(70)90537-9","article-title":"The locomotion of fibroblasts in culture. II. Ruffling","volume":"60","author":"Abercrombie","year":"1970","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2796072","article-title":"An anisotropic biphasic theory of tissue-equivalent mechanics: the interplay among cell traction, fibrillar network deformation, fibril alignment, and cell contact guidance","volume":"119","author":"Barocas","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib4","series-title":"Bayesian Theory","author":"Bernardo","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/385450a0","article-title":"Traction forces of cytokinesis measured with optically modified substrata","volume":"385","author":"Burton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.90.1.187","article-title":"Mechanism of retraction of the trailing edge during fibroblast movement","volume":"90","author":"Chen","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5317.1425","article-title":"Geometric control of cell life and death","volume":"276","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.133.6.1403","article-title":"Rho-stimulated contractility drives the formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions","volume":"133","author":"Chrzanowska-Wodnicka","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cb.09.110193.002211","article-title":"Life at the leading edge: the formation of cell protrusions","volume":"9","author":"Condeelis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.122.4.833","article-title":"Moving and stationary actin filaments are involved in spreading of postmitotic PtK3 cells","volume":"122","author":"Cramer","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.136.6.1287","article-title":"Identification of novel graded polarity actin filaments in locomoting heart fibroblasts: implications for the generation of motile force","volume":"136","author":"Cramer","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(96)79767-9","article-title":"Imaging the traction stresses exerted by locomoting cells with the elastic substratum method","volume":"70","author":"Dembo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(91)82027-6","article-title":"Mathematical model for the effects of adhesion and mechanics on cell migration speed","volume":"60","author":"DiMilla","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib14","first-page":"54","article-title":"Bootstrap methods for standard errors, confidence intervals, and other measures of statistical accuracy","volume":"1","author":"Efron","year":"1986","journal-title":"Statistical Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/273345a0","article-title":"Role of cell shape in growth control","volume":"273","author":"Folkman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9114","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.17.9114","article-title":"A micromachined device provides a new bend on fibroblast traction forces","volume":"94","author":"Galbraith","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(88)63053-9","article-title":"Fibroblasts and myofibroblasts","volume":"163","author":"Harris","year":"1988","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6987736","article-title":"Silicone rubber substrata: a new wrinkle in the study of cell locomotion","volume":"208","author":"Harris","year":"1980","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib19","series-title":"Theory of Elasticity","author":"Landau","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81280-5","article-title":"Cell migration: a physically integrated molecular process","volume":"84","author":"Lauffenburger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.127.6.1957","article-title":"Traction forces generated by locomoting cells","volume":"127","author":"Lee","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.138.4.913","article-title":"Role of actin polymerization and adhesion to extracellular matrix in rac and rho-induced cytoskeletal reorganization","volume":"138","author":"Machesky","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.109.3.1163","article-title":"Formation and movement of myosin-containing structures in living fibroblasts","volume":"109","author":"McKenna","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90370-4","article-title":"Rho, rac, and Cdc42 GTPases regulate the assembly of multimolecular focal complexes associated with actin stress fibers, lamellipodia, and filopodia","volume":"81","author":"Nobes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/cm.970310306","article-title":"Traction forces in locomoting cells","volume":"31","author":"Oliver","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib26","first-page":"488","article-title":"Design and use of substrata to measure traction forces exerted by cultured cells","volume":"298","author":"Oliver","year":"1998","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1006\/scel.1994.1018","article-title":"Forces exerted by locomoting cells","volume":"5","author":"Oliver","year":"1994","journal-title":"Seminars Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13661","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.25.13661","article-title":"Cell locomotion and focal adhesions are regulated by substrate flexibility","volume":"94","author":"Pelham","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.123.4.977","article-title":"Integrin-cytoskeletal interactions in migrating fibroblasts are dynamic, asymmetric, and regulated","volume":"123","author":"Schmidt","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1006\/scel.1994.1019","article-title":"Cell migration by graded attachment to substrates and contraction","volume":"5","author":"Sheetz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Seminars Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8924(98)80005-6","article-title":"Cell migration: regulation of force on extracellular matrix-integrin complexes","volume":"8","author":"Sheetz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Small, J. V., K. Rottner, I. Kaverina, and K. I. Anderson. 1998. Assembling an actin cytoskeleton for cell attachment and movement. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4889(98)00080-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.123.3.637","article-title":"Non-sarcomeric mode of myosin II organization in fibroblast lamellum","volume":"123","author":"Verkhovsky","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.101.2.597","article-title":"Exchange of actin subunits at the leading edge of living fibroblasts: possible role of treadmilling","volume":"101","author":"Wang","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(98)98041-7","article-title":"Preparation of a flexible, porous polyacrylamide substrate for mechanical studies of cultured cells","volume":"298","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."}],"container-title":["Biophysical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006349599773868?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0006349599773868?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T17:13:52Z","timestamp":1757783632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0006349599773868"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,4]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0006349599773868"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0006-3495(99)77386-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-3495"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3495","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Stresses at the Cell-to-Substrate Interface during Locomotion of Fibroblasts","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biophysical Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77386-8","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 1999 The Biophysical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}