{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T13:08:33Z","timestamp":1760706513397},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,5,1]],"date-time":"1997-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":862444800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0020-0255(96)00201-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,5]],"date-time":"2003-04-05T01:00:31Z","timestamp":1049504431000},"page":"99-156","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A unified treatment of null values using constraints"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Sel\u00e7uk Candan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.S.","family":"Subrahmanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB1","series-title":"Foundations of Databases","author":"Abiteboul","year":"1995"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB2","article-title":"Interim Report 75-02-08","volume":"7","year":"1975","journal-title":"FDT Bulletin ACM-SIGMOD"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB3","series-title":"Relational Database Theory","author":"Atzeni","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB4","first-page":"299","article-title":"A formal approach to null values in database relations","volume":"Vol. 1","author":"Biskup","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1145\/319996.320014","article-title":"A foundation of Codd's relational maybe-operations","volume":"8","author":"Biskup","year":"1983","journal-title":"ACM TODS"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3233\/FI-1984-7109","article-title":"Extending the relational algebra for relations with maybe tuples and existential and universal null values","volume":"VII","author":"Biskup","year":"1984","journal-title":"Fundamenta Informaticae"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB7","first-page":"23","article-title":"Understanding relations (installment #7)","volume":"7","author":"Codd","year":"1975","journal-title":"FDT Bulletin ACM-SIGMOD"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1145\/320107.320109","article-title":"Extending the database relational model to capture more meaning","volume":"4","author":"Codd","year":"1979","journal-title":"ACM TODS"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB9","series-title":"Proc. VLDB Conf.","first-page":"50","article-title":"Closed world databases opened through null values","author":"Gottlob","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-54919-6","article-title":"The Problem of Incomplete Information in Relational Databases","author":"Grahne","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-0190(77)90013-8","article-title":"Null values in a relational data base","volume":"6","author":"Grant","year":"1977","journal-title":"Information Processing Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-0190(79)90138-8","article-title":"Partial values in a tabular database model","volume":"9","author":"Grant","year":"1979","journal-title":"Information Processing Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3233\/FI-1980-3307","article-title":"Incomplete information in a relational database","volume":"III","author":"Grant","year":"1980","journal-title":"Fundamenta Informaticae"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB14","first-page":"247","article-title":"Answering queries in indefinite databases and the null value problem","volume":"Vol. 3","author":"Grant","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB15","series-title":"Proc. 7th VLDB Conf.","first-page":"389","article-title":"On representing incomplete information in a relational database","author":"Imielinski","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1145\/1634.1886","article-title":"Incomplete information in relational databases","volume":"31","author":"Imielinski","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB17","series-title":"Proc. 6th Foundations of Software Technology and Comput. Sci.","first-page":"204","article-title":"Query evaluation with null values: How complex is completeness?","author":"Lakshmanan","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB18","series-title":"Proc. 5th VLDB Conf.","first-page":"61","article-title":"Multivalued dependencies with null values in relational databases","author":"Lien","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1145\/320083.320088","article-title":"On semantic issues connected with incomplete information systems","volume":"4","author":"Lipski","year":"1979","journal-title":"ACM TODS"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1145\/322234.322239","article-title":"On databases with incomplete information","volume":"28","author":"Lipski","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB21","series-title":"Proc. of ACM-IEEE Computer Society Joint Computer Conference","first-page":"428","article-title":"An extension to the relational model for indefinite databases","author":"Liu","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/77643.77644","article-title":"Indefinite and maybe information in relational databases","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"1990","journal-title":"ACM TODS"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1109\/69.75890","article-title":"A generalized relational model for indefinite and maybe information","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowledge and Data Engrg."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0743-1066(85)80002-9","article-title":"Computing protected circumscription","volume":"4","author":"Minker","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Logic Programming"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB25","series-title":"Proc. VLDB Conf.","first-page":"23","article-title":"A family of incomplete relational database models","author":"Ola","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB26","series-title":"Conceptual Modeling","first-page":"191","article-title":"Towards a logical reconstruction of relational database theory","author":"Reiter","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1145\/5383.5388","article-title":"A sound and sometimes complete query evaluation algorithm for relational databases with null values","volume":"33","author":"Reiter","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB28","series-title":"Proc. ACM-SIGMOD","first-page":"162","article-title":"Null values in database management, A denotational semantics approach","author":"Vassiliou","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1145\/319732.319747","article-title":"A statistical approach to incomplete information in database systems","volume":"7","author":"Wong","year":"1982","journal-title":"ACM TODS"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB30","series-title":"Proc. 1989 ACM Symp. on Principles of Database Syst.","first-page":"66","article-title":"A sound and complete query evaluation algorithm for relational databases with null values","author":"Yuan","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(96)00201-0_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0000(84)90080-1","article-title":"Database relations with null values","volume":"29","author":"Zaniolo","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Comput. and Syst. Sci."}],"container-title":["Information Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020025596002010?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020025596002010?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T19:21:36Z","timestamp":1681240896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0020025596002010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,5]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0020025596002010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0020-0255(96)00201-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-0255"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-0255","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,5]]}}}