{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T17:30:53Z","timestamp":1773768653515,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,1]],"date-time":"1999-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":944006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0020-0255(99)00077-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,7]],"date-time":"2003-04-07T17:32:24Z","timestamp":1049736744000},"page":"171-199","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Neural network based digit recognition system for voice dialling in noisy environments"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Petri","family":"Salmela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikko","family":"Lehtokangas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jukka","family":"Saarinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1109\/5.265347","article-title":"Applications of voice processing to telecommunications","volume":"82","author":"Rabiner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/79.637299","article-title":"The past, present and future of neural networks for signal processing","volume":"14","author":"Hwang","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Magazine"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB3","series-title":"Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition","author":"Bishop","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02551274","article-title":"Approximation by superpositions of a sigmoidal function","volume":"2","author":"Cybenko","year":"1989","journal-title":"Math. Control Signals and Sys."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(89)90003-8","article-title":"On the approximate realizations of continuous mapping by neural networks","volume":"2","author":"Funahashi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90009-T","article-title":"Approximation capabilities of multilayer feedforward networks","volume":"4","author":"Hornik","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Sorensen, A cepstral noise reduction multi-layer neural network, in: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP'91 (2), 1991, pp. 933\u2013936","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1991.150493"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB8","series-title":"Connectionist Speech Recognition","author":"Bourlard","year":"1994"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1109\/5.18626","article-title":"Tutorial on hidden markov models and selected applications in speech recognition","volume":"77","author":"Rabiner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1109\/78.554319","article-title":"Pattern recognition using discriminative feature extraction","volume":"45","author":"Biem","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(95)00038-0","article-title":"Multilayer perceptrons for state-dependent weightings of HMM-likelihoods","volume":"18","author":"Chung","year":"1996","journal-title":"Speech Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Richard, R. Lippman, Neural network classifiers estimate Bayesian a posteriori probabilities, Neural Comput. (3), (1991) 461\u2013483","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1991.3.4.461"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB13","first-page":"25","article-title":"Continuous speech recognition","author":"Morgan","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Magazine"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Katagiri, C. Lee, B. Juang, New discriminative training algorithms based on the generalized probabilistic decent method, in: Proceedings of the 1991 IEEE Workshop on Neural Networks for Signal Processing, 1991, pp. 299\u2013308","DOI":"10.1109\/NNSP.1991.239512"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.1109\/78.175747","article-title":"Discriminative learning for minimum error classification","volume":"40","author":"Juang","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1109\/72.125866","article-title":"Global optimization of a neural network-hidden Markov model hybrid","volume":"3","author":"Bengio","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Bourlard, Y. Konig, N. Morgan, REMAP: Recursive Estimation and Maximization of a Posteriori Probabilities-Application to Transition-Based Connectionist Speech Recognition, ICSI Technical Report, TR-94-064, International Computer Science Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1994","DOI":"10.21437\/Eurospeech.1995-402"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB18","series-title":"Statistical Methods for Speech Recognition","author":"Jelinek","year":"1998"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1109\/29.46546","article-title":"Speaker-independent phone recognition using hidden Markov models","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech and Signal Process."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1109\/29.31269","article-title":"High performance connected digit recognition using hidden Markov models","volume":"37","author":"Rabiner","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech and Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Juang, L. Rabiner, Mixture autoregressive hidden Markov models for speech signals, IEEE Transactions on Acoust. Speech and Signal Process. ASSP-33 (6), (1985) 1404\u20131413","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1985.1164727"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1109\/78.134469","article-title":"Phoneme classification using semicontinuous hidden Markov models","volume":"40","author":"Huang","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1109\/29.61531","article-title":"Tied mixture continuous parameter modeling for speech recognition","volume":"38","author":"Bellegarda","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech and Signal Process."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177697196","article-title":"A maximization technique occurring in the statistical analysis of probabilistic functions of Markov chains","volume":"41","author":"Baum","year":"1970","journal-title":"Ann. Math. Statist."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1982.1056544","article-title":"Maximum likelihood estimation for multivariate observations of Markov sources","volume":"28","author":"Liporace","year":"1982","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x","article-title":"Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm","volume":"39","author":"Dempster","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Roy. Statist. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Yan, M. Fanty, R. Cole, Speech recognition using neural networks with forward-backward probability generated targets, in: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing ICASSP'97 (4), 1997, pp. 3241\u20133244","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1997.595483"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Hennebert, C. Ris, H. Bourlard, S. Renals, N. Morgan, Estimation of global posteriors and forward\u2013backward training of hybrid HMM\/ANN Systems, in: Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference on Speech, Communication and Technology, EUROSPEECH'97 (4), 1997, pp. 1951\u20131954","DOI":"10.21437\/Eurospeech.1997-518"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Laurila, Noise robust speech recognition with state duration constraints, in: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustic, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP'97 (2), 1997, pp. 871\u2013874","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1997.596074"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1109\/78.91145","article-title":"Isolated-utterance speech recognition using hidden Markov models with bounded state durations","volume":"39","author":"Gu","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB31","unstructured":"W. Kim, J. Choi, D. Youn, HMM with global path constraint in Viterbi decoding for isolated word recognition, in: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP'94 (1), 1994, pp. 605\u2013608"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Russell, R. Moore, Explicit modelling of state occupancy in hidden Markov models for automatic speech recognition, in: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP'85, 1985, pp. 5\u20138","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1985.1168477"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Levinson, Continuously variable duration hidden Markov models for speech analysis, in: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP'86 (2), 1986, pp. 1241\u20131244","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1986.1168801"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Burshtein, Robust parametric modeling of durations in hidden Markov models, in: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP'95 (1), 1995, pp. 548\u2013551","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1995.479656"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1684(94)00088-H","article-title":"State duration modelling in hidden Markov models","volume":"41","author":"Vaseghi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB36","unstructured":"K. Laurila, M. Majaniemi, R. Yang, P. Haavisto, Speech recognition with state duration constrained maximum likelihood HMMs, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Nordic Signal Processing Symposium, Espoo, Finland, 1996, pp. 103\u2013106"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB37","unstructured":"S. Young, N. Russell, J. Thornton, Token passing: A simple conceptual model for connected speech recognition systems, Technical Report, University of Cambridge, Department of Engineering, Cambridge, England, 1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB38","series-title":"Fundamentals of Speech Recognition","author":"Rabiner","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Lubensky, A. Asadi, J. Naik, Connected digit recognition using connectionist probability estimators and mixture-gaussian densities, in: Proceedings of the International Conference of Speech and Language Processing, ICSLP'94, 1994, pp. S07-28.1\u20134","DOI":"10.21437\/ICSLP.1994-77"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Bourlard, B. D'hoore, J. Boite, Optimizing recognition and rejection performance in wordspotting systems, in: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP'94 (1), 1994, pp. 373\u2013376","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1994.389278"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00332914","article-title":"Accelerating the convergence of the back-propagation method","volume":"59","author":"Vogl","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biological Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Rummelhart, J. McClelland, Parallel Distributed Processing, the PDP Research Group, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1986","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5237.001.0001"},{"issue":"Special Issue on Neural Networks","key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB43","article-title":"Advanced supervised learning in multilayer perceptrons-from backpropagation to adaptive learning algorithms","volume":"5","author":"Riedmiller","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Computer Standards and Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB44","unstructured":"S. Haykin, Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation, Macmillan, New York, 1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB45","unstructured":"R. Fletcher, Practical Methods of Optimization, second ed., Wiley, Chichester, 1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB46","series-title":"Self-Organizing Maps","author":"Kohonen","year":"1995"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(95)00140-9","article-title":"A speech recognition method based on the sequential multi-layer perceptrons","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Chen, Y. Liao, W. Chen, Application of a generalized probabilistic decent method to recurrent neural network based speech recognition, in: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP'94 (2), 1994, pp. 653\u2013656","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1994.389571"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. Reichl, P. Caspary, G. Ruske, A new model-discriminant training algorithm for hybrid NN-HMM systems, in: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP'94 (2), 1994, pp. 677\u2013680","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.1994.389565"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB50","series-title":"Discrete-Time Processing of Speech Signals","author":"Deller","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Furui, Speaker independent isolated word recognition using dynamic features of speech spectrum, IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing ASSP-34 (1), (1986) 52\u201359","DOI":"10.1109\/TASSP.1986.1164788"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Nquyen, B. Widrow, Improving the learning speed of 2-layer neural networks by choosing initial values of the adaptive weights, in: Proceedings of International Joint Conference of Neural Networks, ICNN-90 (3), 1990, pp. 21\u201326","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.1990.137819"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB53","unstructured":"P. Salmela, K. Laurila, M. Lehtokangas, J. Saarinen, Discriminative isolated digit recognition in noisy environments using multilayer perceptron networks, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Neural Information Processing, ICONIP'97 (2), 1997, pp. 1116\u20131119"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-0255(99)00077-8_BIB54","unstructured":"J. Iso-Sipila, K. Laurila, P. Haavisto, Optimal adaptive garbage modelling in speech recognition, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Nordic Signal Processing Symposium, Espoo, Finland, 1996, pp. 107\u2013110"}],"container-title":["Information Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020025599000778?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020025599000778?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T22:12:46Z","timestamp":1733350366000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0020025599000778"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0020025599000778"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0020-0255(99)00077-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-0255"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-0255","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]}}}