{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T18:07:37Z","timestamp":1777486057792,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1990,3,1]],"date-time":"1990-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":636249600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0020-7373(08)80006-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,18]],"date-time":"2008-11-18T05:23:51Z","timestamp":1226985831000},"page":"327-340","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["An examination of gender differences in the determinants of computer anxiety and attitudes toward microcomputers among managers"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Saroj","family":"Parasuraman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magid","family":"Igbaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib1_1","first-page":"117","article-title":"The heartbreak of cyberphobia","volume":"114","author":"Anderson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Creative Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib1_2","first-page":"125","article-title":"The heartbreak of cyberphobia","volume":"114","author":"Anderson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Creative Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/01449298308914466","article-title":"Secretarial attitudes towards word processors as a function of familiarity and locus of control","volume":"2","author":"Arndt","year":"1983","journal-title":"Behavior and Information Technology"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00287906","article-title":"Men and women as computer-using teachers","volume":"13","author":"Becker","year":"1985","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1037\/h0045580","article-title":"The development of a short form of the Manifest Anxiety Scale","volume":"20","author":"Bendig","year":"1956","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2307\/248745","article-title":"A field study of end user computing: Findings and issues","volume":"7","author":"Benson","year":"1983","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.25.5.441","article-title":"Prevalence, distribution, and correlates of math anxiety in college students","volume":"25","author":"Betz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib7","first-page":"90","article-title":"An anxiety management approach to computerphobia","volume":"39","author":"Bloom","year":"1985","journal-title":"Training and Development Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib8","series-title":"Myers-Briggs Type Indicator","author":"Briggs","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib9","first-page":"753","article-title":"Managing technostress: optimizing the use of computer technology","volume":"61","author":"Brod","year":"1982","journal-title":"Personnel Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4801_15","article-title":"Studies in Jungian typology: III Personality and marriage","volume":"48","author":"Carlson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib11","series-title":"Communication Yearbook","first-page":"10","article-title":"Gender differences in adolescents' uses of and attitudes toward computers","author":"Chen","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib12","series-title":"Applied Multiple Regression\/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1983"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib13","first-page":"207","article-title":"Psychosocial implications of sex differences in attitudes toward computers: Results of a survey","volume":"8","author":"Collis","year":"1985","journal-title":"International Journal of Women's Studies"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1980.47.3f.1167","article-title":"Locus of control as a predictor of users' attitudes toward computers","volume":"47","author":"Coovert","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-8791(85)90053-3","article-title":"Correlates of sex differences in attitudes toward and involvement with computers","volume":"27","author":"Dambrot","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib16","series-title":"Probing the computer gender gap","author":"Demarest","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib17","first-page":"23","article-title":"New kind of manager co-ordinates helter-skelter computer growth","volume":"August 24","author":"Engstrom","year":"1984","journal-title":"Wall Street Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib18","first-page":"31","article-title":"Fennema-Sherman Mathematics attitudes scales. JSAS","volume":"6","author":"Fennema","year":"1976","journal-title":"Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00287909","article-title":"Sex differences on the California statewide assessment of computer literacy","volume":"13","author":"Fetler","year":"1985","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"issue":"July","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib20","first-page":"57","article-title":"Treating computer anxiety with training","author":"Galagan","year":"1983","journal-title":"Training and Development Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(86)80084-0","article-title":"Computer anxiety: sex, race, and age","volume":"25","author":"Gilroy","year":"1986","journal-title":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib22","series-title":"Academy of Management Best Papers Proceedings, 47th Annual Meeting","first-page":"122","article-title":"Modeling vs. Non modeling: the impact on self-efificacy and performance in computer training for managers","author":"Gist","year":"1987"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2307\/249037","article-title":"Personal computing trends and problems: an empirical study","volume":"10","author":"Guimaraes","year":"1986","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00287905","article-title":"Differential experience of men and women in computerized offices","volume":"13","author":"Gutek","year":"1985","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(87)80061-5","article-title":"Predicting end-user acceptance of microcomputers in the workplace","volume":"26","author":"Hatcher","year":"1987","journal-title":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00287910","article-title":"Gender differences in enrollment in computer camps and classes","volume":"13","author":"Hess","year":"1985","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.72.2.307","article-title":"Role of efficacy expectations in predicting the decision to use advanced technologies: the case of computers","volume":"72","author":"Hill","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib28","series-title":"Computer Anxiety and the Use of Microcomputers in Management","author":"Howard","year":"1986"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1145\/6138.6143","article-title":"Computer anxiety in management: myth or reality?","volume":"29","author":"Howard","year":"1986","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-7206(89)90036-0","article-title":"Microcomputer applications: an empirical look at usage","volume":"16","author":"Igbaria","year":"1989","journal-title":"Information & Management"},{"issue":"March","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib31","first-page":"41","article-title":"Second-class citizens?","author":"Kiesler","year":"1983","journal-title":"Psychology Today"},{"issue":"September","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib32","first-page":"74","article-title":"Computer anxiety: one way to handle it","author":"Knight","year":"1979","journal-title":"Creative Computing"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00287904","article-title":"Women, girls, and computers: a first look at the evidence","volume":"13","author":"Lockheed","year":"1985","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib34","series-title":"Paper presented at the National Educational Computer Conference","article-title":"Sex differences in microcomputer literacy","author":"Lockheed","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib35","series-title":"Why Information Systems Fail","author":"Lucas","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2307\/248939","article-title":"Empirical evidence for a descriptive model of implementation","volume":"2","author":"Lucas","year":"1978","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"May","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib37","first-page":"18","article-title":"Getting comfortable with your computer","author":"Margarita","year":"1985","journal-title":"Management World"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.19.5.475","article-title":"A program for research on management information systems","volume":"19","author":"Mason","year":"1973","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1986.59.3.1199","article-title":"Attitudinal and behavioral correlates of computer anxiety","volume":"59","author":"Morrow","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib40","first-page":"23","article-title":"Women and technophobia and computers","volume":"23","author":"Naiman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Classroom Computer News"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(81)80054-5","article-title":"Why interactive computer systems are sometimes not used by people who might benefit from them","volume":"15","author":"Nickerson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Internationaljournal of Man-Machine Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib42","first-page":"14","article-title":"Research on cyberphiliacs, cyberphobiacs reveals 30% of workers fear computers","volume":"16","author":"Paul","year":"1982","journal-title":"Computerworld"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib43","series-title":"Locus of Control in Personality","author":"Phares","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib44","series-title":"Correlates of computer anxiety in college students","author":"Raub","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1177\/001316448204200327","article-title":"The development and validation of a measure of general attitudes toward computers","volume":"42","author":"Reece","year":"1982","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib46","series-title":"Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association","article-title":"Sex differences in the use of computers","author":"Revelle","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.2307\/255742","article-title":"User attitudes and management information systems use","volume":"22","author":"Robey","year":"1979","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/h0092976","article-title":"Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement","volume":"80","author":"Rotter","year":"1966","journal-title":"Psychological Monographs"},{"issue":"June 24","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Computer choler: many managers resist paperless technology for their own Offices","author":"Rout","year":"1982","journal-title":"Wall Street Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1981.4308761","article-title":"Behavioral and organizational considerations in the design of information systems and processes for planning and decision support","volume":"9","author":"Sage","year":"1981","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Volume SMC-11"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-6813(83)90012-5","article-title":"A look at how managers' minds work","author":"Slocum","year":"1983","journal-title":"Business Horizons"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib52","series-title":"Integrated circuits\/segregated labor: Women in three computer-related occupations","author":"Strober","year":"1984"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0483(82)90050-0","article-title":"Measuring user attitudes in MIS research: a review","volume":"10","author":"Swanson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Omega International Journal of Management Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1037\/h0056264","article-title":"A personality scale of manifest anxiety","volume":"48","author":"Taylor","year":"1953","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.17763\/haer.50.1.xw483257j6035084","article-title":"Anxiety and mathematics: An update","volume":"50","author":"Tobias","year":"1980","journal-title":"Harvard Educational Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib56","year":"1984","journal-title":"USA Today (1984)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.1974.10119987","article-title":"An abbreviated measure of internal-external locus of control","volume":"38","author":"Valecha","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib58","year":"1985","journal-title":"Wall Street Journal (1985)"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00287912","article-title":"Gender and computers: Two surveys of computer-related attitudes","volume":"13","author":"Wilder","year":"1985","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(08)80006-5_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.25.10.966","article-title":"Individual differences and MIS success: a review of the empirical literature","volume":"25","author":"Zmud","year":"1979","journal-title":"Management Science"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020737308800065?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020737308800065?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,24]],"date-time":"2018-12-24T04:25:03Z","timestamp":1545625503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0020737308800065"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,3]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0020737308800065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0020-7373(08)80006-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7373","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,3]]}}}