{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T16:40:31Z","timestamp":1770482431483,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1985,12,1]],"date-time":"1985-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":502243200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0020-7373(85)80064-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,12]],"date-time":"2008-08-12T08:25:39Z","timestamp":1218529539000},"page":"699-728","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["Measuring the structure of expertise"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Roger W.","family":"Schvaneveldt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis T.","family":"Durso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy E.","family":"Goldsmith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Breen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy M.","family":"Cooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard G.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph C.","family":"De Maio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03197568","article-title":"Problem solving and the development of abstract categories in programming languages","volume":"9","author":"Adelson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Memory and Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02310791","article-title":"Analysis of individual differences in multidimensional scaling via an N-way generalization of \u201cEckart-Young\u201d decomposition","volume":"35","author":"Carroll","year":"1970","journal-title":"Psychometric"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(73)90004-2","article-title":"Perception in chess","volume":"4","author":"Chase","year":"1973","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0502_2","article-title":"Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices","volume":"5","author":"Chi","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib5","series-title":"Graph Theory: An Algorithm Approach","author":"Christofides","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.82.6.407","article-title":"A spreading activation theory of semantic processing","volume":"82","author":"Collins","year":"1975","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(69)80069-1","article-title":"Retrieval time from semantic memory","volume":"8","author":"Collins","year":"1969","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib8","series-title":"Memory structures of expert and novice computer programmers: Recall order vs. similarity ratings","author":"Cooke","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib9","series-title":"Paper presented at the meeting of the Southwestern Psychological Association","article-title":"Empirical networks of natural categories","author":"Durso","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.2307\/1421515","article-title":"Memory processes among bridge players of differing expertise","volume":"91","author":"Engle","year":"1978","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib11","series-title":"Structures in the Subjective Lexicon","author":"Fillenbaum","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(77)90008-1","article-title":"In search of the M-gram: the structure of organization in free recall","volume":"9","author":"Friendly","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib13","series-title":"Research and Development in Expert Systems","first-page":"105","article-title":"Psychological techniques for eliciting expert knowledge","author":"Gammack","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib14","series-title":"Building Expert Systems","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib15","series-title":"Network representations of psychological relations","author":"Hutchinson","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291579","article-title":"On the determination of appropriate dimensionality in data with error","volume":"39","author":"Isaac","year":"1974","journal-title":"Psychometrica"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib17","series-title":"Statistical Methods for Digital Computers","article-title":"Multidimensional scaling and other methods for discovering structure","author":"Kruskal","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(81)90012-8","article-title":"Knowledge organization and skill differences in computer programmers","volume":"13","author":"McKeithen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1257753","article-title":"Meaning, memory structure, and mental processes","volume":"192","author":"Meyer","year":"1976","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib20","series-title":"Development and Application of a Task Taxonomy for Tactical Flying","author":"Meyer","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib21","series-title":"Learning Machines: Foundations of Trainable Pattern-Classification Systems","author":"Nilsson","year":"1965"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1145\/363196.363214","article-title":"The teachable language comprehender","volume":"12","author":"Quillian","year":"1969","journal-title":"Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(76)90011-6","article-title":"Skilled perception in Go: deducing memory structures from interresponse times","volume":"8","author":"Reitman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(73)80056-8","article-title":"Semantic distance and the verification of semantic relations","volume":"12","author":"Rips","year":"1973","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib25","series-title":"Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society","article-title":"Generalized semantic networks","author":"Schaneveldt","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib26","series-title":"Memorandum in Computer and Cognitive Science, MCCS-85-9","article-title":"Pathfinder: Scaling with network structures","author":"Schvaneveldt","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/001872086300500104","article-title":"Analysis of proximities as a technique for the study of information processing in man","volume":"5","author":"Shepard","year":"1963","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291665","article-title":"Representation of structure in similarity data: Problems and prospects","volume":"39","author":"Shepard","year":"1974","journal-title":"Psychometrica"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1037\/h0036351","article-title":"Structure and process in semantic memory: a featural model of semantic decisions","volume":"81","author":"Smith","year":"1974","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80064-X_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.4.327","article-title":"Features of similarity","volume":"84","author":"Tversky","year":"1977","journal-title":"Psychological Review"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002073738580064X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002073738580064X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T07:20:50Z","timestamp":1557732050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S002073738580064X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1985,12]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S002073738580064X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0020-7373(85)80064-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7373","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1985,12]]}}}