{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T12:11:22Z","timestamp":1763467882851},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1986,12,1]],"date-time":"1986-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":533779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0020-7373(86)80083-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,16]],"date-time":"2008-08-16T09:13:33Z","timestamp":1218878013000},"page":"697-709","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Beacons in computer program comprehension"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Susan","family":"Wiedenbeck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(86)80083-9_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.36.7.715","article-title":"Psychological status of the script concept","volume":"9","author":"Abelson","year":"1981","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(86)80083-9_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03197568","article-title":"Problem solving and the development of abstract categories in programming languages","volume":"9","author":"Adelson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Memory and Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(86)80083-9_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1982.235255","article-title":"Understanding and documenting programs","volume":"SE-8","author":"Basili","year":"1982","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(86)80083-9_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(71)90019-3","article-title":"The abstraction of linguistic ideas","volume":"2","author":"Bransford","year":"1971","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(86)80083-9_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(83)80031-5","article-title":"Towards a theory of the comprehension of computer programs","volume":"18","author":"Brooks","year":"1983","journal-title":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(86)80083-9_bib6","series-title":"Human Factors in Computer Systems","article-title":"An empirical investigation of tacit plan knowledge in programming","author":"Ehrlich","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(86)80083-9_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(65)80081-0","article-title":"The psychological reality of linguistic segments","volume":"4","author":"Fodor","year":"1965","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(86)80083-9_bib8","series-title":"The Psychology of Language: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics and Generative Grammar","author":"Fodor","year":"1974"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(86)80083-9_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(72)80092-6","article-title":"The acquisition of abstract ideas","volume":"11","author":"Franks","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(86)80083-9_bib10","series-title":"Comparison of Debugging Behavior of Novice and Expert Programmers","author":"Jeffries","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(86)80083-9_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(81)90012-8","article-title":"Knowledge organization and skill differences in computer programmers","volume":"13","author":"McKeithen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(86)80083-9_bib12","series-title":"Cognition and Reality: Principles and Implications of Cognitive Psychology","author":"Neisser","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(86)80083-9_bib13","series-title":"Stimulus Structures and Mental Representation in Expert Comprehension of Computer Programs","author":"Pennington","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(86)80083-9_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.104.3.192","article-title":"Cognitive representation of semantic categories","volume":"4","author":"Rosch","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(86)80083-9_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00975629","article-title":"Exploratory experiments in programmer behavior","volume":"5","author":"Shneiderman","year":"1976","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer and Information Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(86)80083-9_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00977789","article-title":"Syntactic\/semantic interactions in programmer behavior: a model and experimental results","volume":"8","author":"Shneiderman","year":"1979","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer and Information Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(86)80083-9_bib17","series-title":"Directions in Human\/Computer Interaction","article-title":"What do novices know about programming?","author":"Soloway","year":"1984"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020737386800839?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020737386800839?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,26]],"date-time":"2018-12-26T11:55:29Z","timestamp":1545825329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0020737386800839"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1986,12]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0020737386800839"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0020-7373(86)80083-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7373","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1986,12]]}}}