{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T20:38:39Z","timestamp":1767991119724,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1988,4,1]],"date-time":"1988-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":575856000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0020-7373(88)80017-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,14]],"date-time":"2008-08-14T08:40:20Z","timestamp":1218703220000},"page":"343-362","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Four different perspectives on human\u2013computer interaction"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Kammersgaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib1","series-title":"Proceedings of the Conference on Information Technology for Information Use","article-title":"Semiotics and informatics: computers as media","author":"Andersen","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib2","series-title":"Work language and information technology","author":"Andersen","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib3","series-title":"Extending the design boundaries of human-computer interaction","author":"Bannon","year":"1985"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.1984.275871","article-title":"A new approach to text and image processing","volume":"4","author":"Blomberg","year":"1984","journal-title":"IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib5","series-title":"Preceedings of the Working Conference on Development and Use of Computer-based Systems and Tools","first-page":"109","article-title":"Utopia and the design of user interfaces","author":"B\u00f8dker","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib6","series-title":"Computers and Democracy","first-page":"251","article-title":"A Utopian experience in design of powerful computer based tools for skilled graphic workers","author":"B\u00f8dker","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib7","series-title":"The Systems Approach","author":"Churchman","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib8","series-title":"Systems Design For, With, and By the Users","author":"Ciborra","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib9","series-title":"Structured Analysis and Systems Specification","author":"DeMarco","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib10","series-title":"User Centered System Design 1985","article-title":"Models for Computation.","author":"diSessa","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib11","series-title":"Putting Computers in their (Proper) Place: The Power of Intuitive Expertise in Management and Education","author":"Dreyfus","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib12","series-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Scandinavian Seminar on Systemeering","first-page":"211","article-title":"A tool perspective on design of interactive computer support for skilled workers","author":"Ehn","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib13","series-title":"Proceedings of Eurographics '84","first-page":"203","article-title":"Improving computer graphics tools for architects","author":"Ekeberg","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib14","series-title":"Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics","author":"Foley","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib15","series-title":"Mental Models","author":"Gentner","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib16","series-title":"Datorn som verktyg","author":"G\u00f6ranzon","year":"1983"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1109\/C-M.1981.220373","article-title":"Breaking the man-machine communication barrier","volume":"14","author":"Hayes","year":"1981","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(83)80049-2","article-title":"Steps towards graceful interaction in spoken and written man-machine communication","volume":"19","author":"Hayes","year":"1983","journal-title":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(83)80050-9","article-title":"Graceful interaction through the COUSIN command interface","volume":"19","author":"Hayes","year":"1983","journal-title":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib20","series-title":"System Description and the DELTA Language","author":"Holbaek-Hanssen","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib21","series-title":"System Development","author":"Jackson","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib22","series-title":"Preceedings of the Working Conference on Development of Computer-based Systems and Tools","first-page":"241","article-title":"On models and their role in the use of computers","author":"Kammersgaard","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib23","series-title":"Information Society, for Richer, for Poorer","article-title":"Systems Development and Trade Union Activities","author":"Kyng","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4379(79)90029-2","article-title":"A Systematic approach to information system development","volume":"4","author":"Lundeberg","year":"1979","journal-title":"Information Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib25","series-title":"Systemudvikling og systemudviklingsmetode","author":"Mathiassen","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib26","series-title":"Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics","author":"Newman","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib27","series-title":"Mental Models","article-title":"Some Observations on Mental Models","author":"Norman","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib28","series-title":"Computers and Democracy","first-page":"371","article-title":"The perspective concept in informatics","author":"Nygaard","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(83)80057-1","article-title":"A view on human-machine communication and co-operation","volume":"19","author":"Oberquelle","year":"1983","journal-title":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib30","series-title":"Personal Knowledge","author":"Polanyi","year":"1958"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib31","series-title":"Proceedings of PROTEXT I","article-title":"Size measures and national characters in computer-generated text with typography","author":"Romberger","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib32","series-title":"Computers Dividing Man and Work","author":"Sandberg","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib33","series-title":"Software Psychology","author":"Schneiderman","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib34","series-title":"Speech Acts","author":"Searle","year":"1969"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib35","first-page":"242","article-title":"Designing the Star user interface","volume":"7","author":"Smith","year":"1982","journal-title":"BYTE magazine"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib36","series-title":"Proceedings of PROTEXTI","article-title":"Computer-based tools for skilled page make-up work","author":"Sundblad","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib37","series-title":"Proceedings of Eurographics '84","article-title":"Bilevel display screen representation of text, graphics, and images for page make-up work","author":"Sundblad","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib38","series-title":"Typographic Quality and Interaction","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib39","series-title":"The Utopia Project","author":"Utopia","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib40","series-title":"Utformning av datorstodd ombrytning for dagstidninger","author":"Utopia","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib41","series-title":"Graffiti 7\u2014An Alternative in Text and Images","author":"Utopia","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib42","series-title":"Gr\u00e4nslandet\u2014om arbetsorganisation vid integrerad text-bildbehandling","author":"Utopia","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib43","series-title":"Utformning av datorstodd bildbehandling for dagstidninger","author":"Utopia","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib44","series-title":"Computer Power and Human Reason","author":"Weizenbaum","year":"1976"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib45","first-page":"33","article-title":"The Lisa computer system","volume":"8","author":"Williams","year":"1983","journal-title":"BYTE Magazine"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib46","series-title":"Systems: Concepts, Methodologies, and Applications","author":"Wilson","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib47","series-title":"Understanding Computers and Cognition: A New Foundation for Design","author":"Winograd","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80017-8_bib48","series-title":"Managing the Systems Life Cycle","author":"Yourdon","year":"1982"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020737388800178?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020737388800178?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,26]],"date-time":"2018-12-26T12:56:58Z","timestamp":1545829018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0020737388800178"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,4]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0020737388800178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0020-7373(88)80017-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7373"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7373","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,4]]}}}