{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T15:18:19Z","timestamp":1771600699311,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1975,2,1]],"date-time":"1975-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":160444800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,17]],"date-time":"2013-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14046,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Computer and System Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1975,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-0000(75)80019-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,28]],"date-time":"2009-11-28T02:10:11Z","timestamp":1259374211000},"page":"136-163","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":345,"title":["Tree adjunct grammars"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Aravind K.","family":"Joshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Leon S.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Masako","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-0000(75)80019-5_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1145\/321479.321488","article-title":"Indexed grammars: an extension of the context-free grammars","volume":"15","author":"Aho","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Comput. Mach."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-0000(75)80019-5_bib2","article-title":"Measures of syntactic complexity","author":"Bar-Hillel","year":"1963"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-0000(75)80019-5_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(69)90065-5","article-title":"Tree generating regular systems","volume":"14","author":"Brainerd","year":"1969","journal-title":"Information and Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-0000(75)80019-5_bib4","series-title":"Proceedings Tenth Annual IEEE Symposium on Switching and Automata Theory","article-title":"Semi-Thue systems and representations of trees","author":"Brainerd","year":"1969"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-0000(75)80019-5_bib5","author":"Chomsky","year":"1957"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-0000(75)80019-5_bib6","series-title":"Proceedings of the Systems and Computer Science Conference","first-page":"77","article-title":"Explicit definitions and linguistic dominoes","author":"Gorn","year":"1965"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-0000(75)80019-5_bib7","author":"Harris","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-0000(75)80019-5_bib8","series-title":"Transformationelle Analyse","article-title":"How much hierarchical structures is necessary for sentence description?","author":"Joshi","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-0000(75)80019-5_bib9","series-title":"A Class of Transformational Grammars","author":"Joshi","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-0000(75)80019-5_bib10","article-title":"A characterization of the derivation trees of a context-free grammar and an intercalation theorem","author":"Joshi","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-0000(75)80019-5_bib11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(72)90051-4","article-title":"String adjunct grammars: Parts I and II","volume":"21","author":"Joshi","year":"1972","journal-title":"Information and Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-0000(75)80019-5_bib11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(72)80005-6","article-title":"String adjunct grammars: Parts I and II","volume":"21","author":"Joshi","year":"1972","journal-title":"Information and Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-0000(75)80019-5_bib12","series-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Theory of Machines and Computations","first-page":"127","article-title":"Tree adjunct, parenthesis, and distributed adjunct grammars","author":"Levy","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-0000(75)80019-5_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01740725","article-title":"Some results in tree automata","volume":"6","author":"Levy","year":"1972","journal-title":"Math. Systems Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-0000(75)80019-5_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01694004","article-title":"A helpful result for proving inherent ambiguity","volume":"2","author":"Ogden","year":"1968","journal-title":"Math. Systems Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-0000(75)80019-5_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1145\/321356.321364","article-title":"On context-free languages","volume":"13","author":"Parikh","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Comput. Mach."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-0000(75)80019-5_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01695769","article-title":"Mappings and grammars on trees","volume":"4","author":"Rounds","year":"1970","journal-title":"Math. Systems Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-0000(75)80019-5_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0000(67)80022-9","article-title":"Characterizing derivation trees of a context-free grammar through a generalization of finite automata theory","volume":"1","author":"Thatcher","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Comput. System Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-0000(75)80019-5_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0000(70)80017-4","article-title":"Generalized sequential transducer","volume":"4","author":"Thatcher","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Comput. System Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Computer and System Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022000075800195?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022000075800195?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,15]],"date-time":"2018-12-15T01:24:55Z","timestamp":1544837095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022000075800195"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1975,2]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1975,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022000075800195"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0022-0000(75)80019-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0000"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0000","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1975,2]]}}}