{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T06:09:53Z","timestamp":1776406193363,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1980,8,1]],"date-time":"1980-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":333936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1980,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5371(80)90312-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,15]],"date-time":"2004-12-15T09:14:48Z","timestamp":1103102088000},"page":"450-466","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4111,"title":["Individual differences in working memory and reading"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Meredyth","family":"Daneman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib1","article-title":"Working memory","volume":"Vol. 8","author":"Baddeley","year":"1974"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib2","series-title":"Language comprehension and the acquisition of knowledge","article-title":"Defining language comprehension: Some speculations","author":"Carroll","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib3","series-title":"Children's thinking: What develops?","article-title":"Intellectual development from birth to adulthood: A Neo-Piagetian interpretation","author":"Case","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib4","series-title":"Language comprehension and the acquisition of knowledge","article-title":"Discourse structure and human knowledge","author":"Chafe","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03213219","article-title":"Short-term memory limitations in children: Capacity or processing deficits?","volume":"4","author":"Chi","year":"1976","journal-title":"Memory and Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.82.6.407","article-title":"A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing","volume":"82","author":"Collins","year":"1975","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02288722","article-title":"Fundamental factors in reading","volume":"9","author":"Davis","year":"1944","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.2307\/747153","article-title":"Research in comprehension in reading","volume":"3","author":"Davis","year":"1968","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(75)90091-0","article-title":"Short-term memory function in young readers","volume":"19","author":"Farnham-Diggory","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.2307\/1128563","article-title":"Hemispheric processing and cognitive styles in learning-disabled and normal children","volume":"46","author":"Guyer","year":"1975","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(78)90002-6","article-title":"The role of short-term working memory in mental arithmetic","volume":"10","author":"Hitch","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib12","article-title":"Individual differences in cognition: A new approach to intelligence","volume":"Vol. 7","author":"Hunt","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(75)90010-9","article-title":"What does it mean to be high verbal?","volume":"7","author":"Hunt","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Why does memory span increase with age?","volume":"8","author":"Huttenlocher","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.108.2.151","article-title":"Processing determinants of reading speed","volume":"108","author":"Jackson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. A theory of reading: From eye fixations to comprehension. Psychological Review, in press.","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.87.4.329"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.85.5.363","article-title":"Toward a model of text comprehension and production","volume":"85","author":"Kintsch","year":"1978","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(74)90015-2","article-title":"Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading","volume":"6","author":"LaBerge","year":"1974","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/01638537809544443","article-title":"Interactive processes in reading comprehension","volume":"1","author":"Lesgold","year":"1978","journal-title":"Discourse Processes"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(77)90014-7","article-title":"Individual differences in immediate serial recall: A matter of mnemonics?","volume":"9","author":"Lyon","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043158","article-title":"The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information","volume":"63","author":"Miller","year":"1956","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib22","series-title":"Visual information processing","article-title":"Production systems: Models of control structures","author":"Newell","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(76)90004-9","article-title":"Discourse memory and reading comprehension skill","volume":"14","author":"Perfetti","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib24","series-title":"Cognitive processes in comprehension","article-title":"Discourse comprehension and sources of individual differences","author":"Perfetti","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(74)80015-0","article-title":"Without surreptitious rehearsal information in short-term memory decays","volume":"13","author":"Reitman","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/00220973.1939.11010163","article-title":"Studies in visual and auditory memory span with specific reference to reading disability","volume":"8","author":"Rizzo","year":"1939","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.2.127","article-title":"Controlled and automatic human information processing. II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory","volume":"84","author":"Shiffrin","year":"1977","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1126\/science.183.4124.482","article-title":"How big is a chunk?","volume":"183","author":"Simon","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib29","series-title":"Language comprehension and the acquisition of knowledge","article-title":"Learning by listening","author":"Sticht","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib30","series-title":"Paper presented at International Reading Association","article-title":"Reports of research on dyslexia in children","author":"Valtin","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib31","article-title":"Lexical retrievel and error recovery in reading: A model based on eye fixations","author":"Carpenter","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6_bib32","series-title":"Paper presented at the Society for Research in Child Development","article-title":"Operational efficiency and the growth of M-space","author":"Case","year":"1979"}],"container-title":["Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022537180903126?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022537180903126?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]],"date-time":"2019-01-31T12:29:09Z","timestamp":1548937749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022537180903126"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1980,8]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1980,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022537180903126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0022-5371(80)90312-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-5371"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-5371","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1980,8]]}}}