{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T05:34:16Z","timestamp":1771479256398,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,1]],"date-time":"2002-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1014940800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pattern Recognition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0031-3203(01)00071-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T09:56:44Z","timestamp":1027591004000},"page":"725-733","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Pattern recognition using Markov random field models"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Jinhai","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Qiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8655(92)90072-8","article-title":"Why progress in machine vision is so slow","volume":"13","author":"Pavlidis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1109\/5.18626","article-title":"A tutorial on hidden Markov model and selected applications in speech recognition","volume":"77","author":"Rabiner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB3","series-title":"Syntactic Pattern Recognition and Applications","author":"Fu","year":"1982"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1109\/3477.623237","article-title":"A structural and relational approach to handwritten word recognition","volume":"27","author":"Buse","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part B"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB5","series-title":"Markov Random Fields and Their Applications","author":"Kindermann","year":"1980"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB6","first-page":"263","article-title":"Integration of structural and statistical information for unconstrained handwritten numeral recognition","volume":"21","author":"Cai","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1974.tb00999.x","article-title":"Spatial interaction and the statistical analysis of lattice systems (with discussion)","volume":"36","author":"Besag","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Roy. Statist. Soc. (B)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1984.4767596","article-title":"Stochastic relaxation, Gibbs distribution, and the Bayesian restoration of images","volume":"6","author":"Geman","year":"1984","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1986.tb01412.x","article-title":"On the statistical analysis of dirty pictures (with discussion)","volume":"48","author":"Besag","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Roy. Statist. Soc. (B)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007947800092","article-title":"Parameter estimation for optimal object recognition: theory and application","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"1997","journal-title":"Internat. J. Comput. Vision"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB11","unstructured":"J. Cai, Z.Q. Liu, Markov random field models for handwritten word recognition, Proceedings of the IEEE First International Conference on Intelligent Processing Systems, Beijing, China, October 28\u201331, 1997, pp. 1400\u20131404."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1967.1054010","article-title":"Error bounds for convolutional codes and an asymptotically optimum decoding algorithm","volume":"13","author":"Viterbi","year":"1967","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1126\/science.220.4598.671","article-title":"Optimization by simulated annealing","volume":"220","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Kittler, Relaxation labeling, in: P.A. Devijver, J. Kittler (Eds.), Pattern Recognition Theory and Applications, NATO ASI Series, Vol. F30, 1987, pp. 99\u2013108.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-83069-3_9"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1109\/5.40665","article-title":"Discrete-index Markov-type random process","volume":"77","author":"Derin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(96)00108-2","article-title":"Deformable prototypes for encoding shape categories in image databases","volume":"30","author":"Sclaroff","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1109\/34.161346","article-title":"Thinning methodologies\u2013a comprehensive survey","volume":"14","author":"Lam","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB18","unstructured":"J. Cai, Z.Q. Liu, Feature extraction for handwriting recognition using Gabor filters, IEEE Trans. Image Process. (1999) submitted for publication."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1983.4767390","article-title":"On the foundations of relaxation labeling process","volume":"5","author":"Hummel","year":"1983","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1976.4309519","article-title":"Scene labeling by relaxation operations","volume":"6","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"1976","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1109\/34.506416","article-title":"Off-line recognition of totally unconstrained handwritten numerals using multilayer cluster neural network","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1986.4767799","article-title":"Shape discrimination using Fourier descriptors","volume":"8","author":"Persoon","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(97)00003-4","article-title":"Fuzzy feature description of handwriting patterns","volume":"30","author":"Malaviya","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1109\/34.506416","article-title":"Off-line recognition of totally unconstrained handwritten numerals using multilayer cluster neural network","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8655(97)00056-1","article-title":"Recognition of unconstrained handwritten numerals by a radial basis function neural network classifier","volume":"18","author":"Hwang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1006\/csla.1996.0006","article-title":"A study on the use of bi-directional contextual dependence in Markov random field-based acoustic modelling for speech recognition","volume":"10","author":"Huo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comput. Speech Language"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00071-1_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(98)00130-7","article-title":"Modeling and classifying color textures using random fields in a random environment","volume":"32","author":"Suen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"}],"container-title":["Pattern Recognition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031320301000711?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031320301000711?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T13:46:24Z","timestamp":1733233584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031320301000711"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031320301000711"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0031-3203(01)00071-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3203","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,3]]}}}