{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T14:02:16Z","timestamp":1758808936946,"version":"3.30.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]],"date-time":"2000-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":965088000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pattern Recognition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0031-3203(99)00113-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T15:01:39Z","timestamp":1027609299000},"page":"1369-1382","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["LAFTER: a real-time face and lips tracker with facial expression recognition"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Nuria","family":"Oliver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Pentland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"B\u00e9rard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB1","unstructured":"A. Azarbayejani, A. Pentland, Camera self-calibration from one point correspondence, Tech. Rep. 341, MIT Media Lab Vision and Modeling Group, 1995. Submitted IEEE Symposium on Computer Vision."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB2","first-page":"352","article-title":"Automatic recognition of human facial expressions, CVPR'95","volume":"1","author":"Matsuno","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE, New York"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Waters, A muscle model for animating three-dimensional facial expression, in: M.C. Stone (Ed.), SIGGRAPH '87 Conference Proceedings, Anaheim, CA, July 27\u201331, 1987, Computer Graphics, Vol. 21, Number 4, July 1987, pp. 17\u201324.","DOI":"10.1145\/37402.37405"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB4","unstructured":"M. Rydfalk, CANDIDE: a parametrized face, Ph.D. Thesis, Link\u00f6pnik University, EE Dept., October 1987."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB5","first-page":"360","article-title":"Facial expression recognition using a dynamic model and motion energy","author":"Essa","year":"1995","journal-title":"ICCV'95"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB6","first-page":"340","article-title":"Aspects of face processing","author":"Pilowsky","year":"1986","journal-title":"Towards the quantification of facial expressions with the use of a mathematics model of a face"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB7","first-page":"374","article-title":"Tracking and recognizing rigid and non-rigid facial motions using local parametric models of image motion","author":"Black","year":"1995","journal-title":"ICCV'95"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB8","first-page":"308","article-title":"Analysis and synthesis of facial motions, International Workshop on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition","volume":"1","author":"Magnolfi","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE, Zurich"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB9","first-page":"296","article-title":"Determining facial expressions in real time","author":"Moses","year":"1995","journal-title":"ICCV'95"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1109\/34.506414","article-title":"Recognizing human facial expressions from long image sequences using optical-flow","volume":"18","author":"Yacoob","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00133570","article-title":"Snakes","volume":"1","author":"Kass","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vision"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00127169","article-title":"Feature extraction from faces using deformable templates","volume":"8","author":"Yuille","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vision"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Hennecke, K. Venkatesh, D. Stork, Using deformable templates to infer visual speech dynamics, Tech. Rep., California Research Center, June 1994.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSSC.1994.471518"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB14","first-page":"43","article-title":"Surface Learning with Applications to Lipreading","volume":"Systems 6","author":"Bregler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inform. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB15","unstructured":"A. Pentland, Classification by clustering, IEEE Symposium on Machine Processing and Remotely Sensed Data, Purdue, IN, 1976."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB16","unstructured":"R. Kauth, A. Pentland, G. Thomas, Blob: an unsupervised clustering approach to spatial preprocessing of mss imagery, 11th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Environment, Ann Harbor MI, 1977."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1109\/34.121786","article-title":"The representation space paradigm of concurrent evolving object descriptions","volume":"14","author":"Bobick","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB18","unstructured":"C. Wren, A. Azarbayejani, T. Darrell, A. Pentland, Pfinder: real-time tracking of the human body, Photonics East, SPIE, Vol. 2615, Bellingham, WA, 1995."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB19","unstructured":"T. Starner, A. Pentland, Real-time asl recognition from video using hmm's, Technical Report 375, MIT, Media Laboratory, MIT, Media Laboratory, Cambridge, MA 02139."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. Oliver, F. Berard, A. Pentland, Lafter: lips and face tracking, IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR97), S. Juan, Puerto Rico, June 1997.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.1997.609309"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. Ellis, A Source Book of Gestalt Psychology. In Harcourt Brace and Co., New York, 1939.","DOI":"10.1037\/11496-000"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB22","unstructured":"J. Rissanen, Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, Minimum-Description-Length Principle, Vol. 5, Wiley, New York, 1987, pp. 523\u2013527."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB23","first-page":"173","article-title":"Segmentation by minimal description","author":"Darrell","year":"1990","journal-title":"ICCV'90"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1109\/34.391395","article-title":"Cooperative robust estimation using layers of support","volume":"17","author":"Darrell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB25","unstructured":"S. Ayer, H. Sawhney, Layered representation of motion video using robust maximum-likelihood estimation of mixture models and mdl encoding, ICCV95."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via de em algorithm","volume":"39-B","author":"Dempster","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Roy. Statist. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1137\/1026034","article-title":"Mixture densities, maximum likelihood and the em algorithm","volume":"26","author":"Redner","year":"1984","journal-title":"SIAM Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB28","first-page":"344","article-title":"Gaze tracking based on face color","author":"Schiele","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Workshop on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Hunke, Locating and tracking of human faces with neural networks, Technical Report, CMU, CMU, Pittsburgh PA, August 1994.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSSC.1994.471664"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB30","first-page":"144","article-title":"Parametrized structure from motion for 3d adaptive feedback tracking of faces","author":"Jebara","year":"1997","journal-title":"CVPR 97"},{"issue":"427","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.2307\/2290905","article-title":"Adaptive mixtures","volume":"89","author":"Priebe","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Amer. Statist. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1984.tb01296.x","article-title":"Recursive parameter estimation using incomplete data","volume":"46","author":"Titternington","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Roy. Statist. Soc. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB33","first-page":"35","article-title":"A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems","volume":"82","author":"Kalman","year":"1960","journal-title":"ASME J. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3658902","article-title":"New results in linear filtering and prediction theory","volume":"83","author":"Kalman","year":"1961","journal-title":"Trans. ASME Ser. D. J. Basic Engng."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB35","first-page":"640","article-title":"Multi-modal tracking of faces for video communications","author":"Crowley","year":"1997","journal-title":"CVPR97"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/MASSP.1986.1165342","article-title":"An introduction to hidden Markov models","author":"Rabiner","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE ASSP Mag. Jan."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB37","unstructured":"J. Yamato, J. Ohya, K. Ishii, Recognizing human action in time-sequential images using hidden markov models, Trans. Inst. Electron. Inform. Commun. Eng. D-II, J76D-II, (12) (1993) 2556\u20132563."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Wilson, A. Bobick, Learning visual behavior for gesture analysis, IEEE International Symposium on Computer Vision, 1995.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCV.1995.477006"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Wilson, A. Bobick, Recognition and interpretation of parametric gesture, International Conference on Computer Vision, 1998.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.1998.710739"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB40","unstructured":"T. Starner, A. Pentland, Visual recognition of american sign language using hidden markov models, International Workshop on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, Zurich, Switzerland, 1995."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.4992\/psycholres1954.35.172","article-title":"Dimensions of visual information for categorizing facial expressions","volume":"35","author":"Yamada","year":"1993","journal-title":"Japanese Psychol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB42","first-page":"284","article-title":"Emotion model, International Workshop on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition","author":"Morishima","year":"1995","journal-title":"Zurich"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB43","first-page":"368","article-title":"A unified approach for coding and interpreting face images","author":"Lanitis","year":"1995","journal-title":"ICCV'95"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB44","unstructured":"I.A. Essa, Analysis, Interpretation, and Synthesis of Facial Expressions. PhD Thesis, MIT Department of Media Arts and Sciences, 1995."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB45","unstructured":"C. Padgett, G. Cottrell, Representing face images for emotion classification, Neural Information Processing Systems, NIPS'96, Denver, Colorado, USA, 1996."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB46","series-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Perceptual User Interfaces, PUI97","article-title":"Automatically recognizing facial expressions in spatio-temporal domain using hidden markov models","author":"Lien","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. Gaver, The affordances of media spaces for collaboration, CSCW, 1992.","DOI":"10.1145\/143457.371596"},{"year":"1979","series-title":"The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception","author":"Gibson","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB48"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. Gaver, G. Smets, K. Overbeeke, A virtual window on media space, CHI, 1995.","DOI":"10.1145\/223904.223937"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Eleftheriadis, A. Jacquin, Model-assisted coding of video teleconferencing sequences at low bit rates, ISCAS, May\u2013June 1994.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.1994.409135"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB51","first-page":"1474","article-title":"Interactive model-based coding of facial image sequence with a new motion detection algorithm","volume":"E79B","author":"Ohzeki","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEICE"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00113-2_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1109\/5.364463","article-title":"Model-based image-coding: Advanced video coding techniques for very-low bit-rate applications","volume":"83","author":"Aizawa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proceedings of IEEE"}],"container-title":["Pattern Recognition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031320399001132?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031320399001132?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T05:24:18Z","timestamp":1733289858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031320399001132"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,8]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031320399001132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0031-3203(99)00113-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0031-3203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,8]]}}}