{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T17:45:18Z","timestamp":1765993518190,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,10,1]],"date-time":"2000-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":970358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pattern Recognition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0031-3203(99)00149-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,12]],"date-time":"2003-02-12T12:54:29Z","timestamp":1045054469000},"page":"1759-1770","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Classification of temporal sequences via prediction using the simple recurrent neural network"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Lalit","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"McAvoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Phegley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(90)90044-L","article-title":"A time-delay neural network architecture for isolated word recognition","volume":"3","author":"Lang","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1989.1.1.39","article-title":"Modular construction of time delay neural networks for speech recognition","volume":"1","author":"Waibel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1121\/1.395916","article-title":"Learning the hidden structure of speech","volume":"83","author":"Elman","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Amer."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(90)90057-R","article-title":"Experiments for isolated-word recognition with single- and two-layer perceptrons","volume":"3","author":"Kammerer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(94)00145-C","article-title":"Speech recognition with hierarchical recurrent neural networks","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(94)90019-1","article-title":"Three-layer perceptron based classifiers for the partial shape classification problem","volume":"27","author":"Gupta","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(94)00023-F","article-title":"Robust automatic target recognition using a localized boundary representation","volume":"28","author":"Gupta","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1986.4767751","article-title":"HYPER","volume":"PAMI-8","author":"Ayache","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(90)90006-7","article-title":"Robust partial shape classification using invariant breakpoints and dynamic alignment","volume":"23","author":"Gupta","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(91)90091-I","article-title":"Non-linear alignment of neural net outputs for partial shape classification","volume":"24","author":"Gupta","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1109\/JRA.1986.1087031","article-title":"Recognizing partially visible objects using feature indexed hypotheses","volume":"RA-2","author":"Knoll","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE J. Robotics Automat."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB12","unstructured":"T.J. Sejnowski, C.R. Rosenberg, NETtalk: a parallel network that learns to read aloud, Technical Report JHU\/EECS-86\/01, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, January 1986."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB13","series-title":"Neural Information Processing Systems","first-page":"442","article-title":"How neural networks work","author":"Lapedes","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB14","article-title":"Learning internal representations by error propagation","volume":"Vol. I","author":"Rumelhart","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.J. Werbos, Backpropagation through time: what it does and how it does it, Proceedings of the IEEE, 78 (1990) 1550\u20131560.","DOI":"10.1109\/5.58337"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB16","series-title":"Neural Information Processing Systems","first-page":"602","article-title":"Generalization of backpropagation to recurrent and higher order neural networks","author":"Pineda","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB17","series-title":"Neural Computers","first-page":"199","article-title":"Backpropagation in perceptrons with feedback","author":"Almeida","year":"1988"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1989.1.2.263","article-title":"Learning state space trajectories in recurrent neural networks","volume":"1","author":"Pearlmutter","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.M. Loger, E.M. Corwin, W.J.B. Oldham, A comparison of recurrent neural network algorithms, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference of Neural Networks, San Francisco, Vol. II, 1993, pp. 1129\u20131134.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNN.1993.298716"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1989.1.2.270","article-title":"A learning algorithm for continually running fully recurrent neural networks","volume":"1","author":"Williams","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB21","unstructured":"M.I. Jordan, Supervised learning systems with excess degrees of freedom, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, COINS Technical Report 88-27, May 1988."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB22","first-page":"15","article-title":"Representation and recognition of temporal patterns","volume":"1\u20132","author":"Port","year":"1990","journal-title":"Connection Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1402_1","article-title":"Finding structure in time","volume":"14","author":"Elman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cognitive Sci."},{"issue":"2\/3","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022699029236","article-title":"Distributed representations, simple recurrent networks, and grammatical inference","volume":"7","author":"Elman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mach. Learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1989.1.3.372","article-title":"Finite state automata and simple recurrent networks","volume":"1","author":"Cleeremans","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Ghosh, V. Karamcheti, Sequence learning with recurrent networks: analysis of internal representations, Sci. Artif. Neural Networks SPIE Vol. 1710, (1992) 449\u2013460.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.140112"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(96)00034-2","article-title":"On temporal generalization of simple recurrent networks","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Gupta, M. McAvoy, Investigating the prediction capabilities of the simple recurrent neural network on temporal sequences, Pattern Recognition (1999) in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00187-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB29","unstructured":"R. Blake, Analysis of sequence prediction in recurrent neural networks, M.S. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, 1996."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1987.4767936","article-title":"Using polygons to recognize and locate partially occluded objects","volume":"PAMI-9","author":"Koch","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1109\/34.3887","article-title":"Partial shape recognition using dynamic programming","volume":"PAMI-10","author":"Gorman","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1109\/34.61706","article-title":"Partial shape classification using contour matching in distance transformation","volume":"PAMI-12","author":"Liu","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1985.4767680","article-title":"Recognizing partially occluded parts","volume":"PAMI-7","author":"Turney","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB34","first-page":"89","article-title":"Nets with unreliable hidden nodes learn error-correcting codes","volume":"Vol. 5","author":"Judd","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1109\/72.317730","article-title":"Enhanced MLP performance and fault tolerance resulting from synaptic weight noise during training","volume":"5","author":"Murray","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Networks"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1109\/72.548170","article-title":"An analysis of noise in recurrent neural networks","volume":"7","author":"Jim","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Networks"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(90)90034-I","article-title":"A neural network approach to robust shape classification","volume":"23","author":"Gupta","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00149-1_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1109\/72.317740","article-title":"Pruning recurrent neural networks for improved generalization performance","volume":"5","author":"Giles","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Networks"}],"container-title":["Pattern Recognition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031320399001491?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031320399001491?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T00:11:52Z","timestamp":1578615112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031320399001491"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,10]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031320399001491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0031-3203(99)00149-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0031-3203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,10]]}}}