{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T21:30:59Z","timestamp":1769808659653,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,2,1]],"date-time":"2001-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":980985600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pattern Recognition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0031-3203(99)00223-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T15:01:39Z","timestamp":1027609299000},"page":"299-314","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":782,"title":["Decision templates for multiple classifier fusion: an experimental comparison"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Ludmila I.","family":"Kuncheva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"James C.","family":"Bezdek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert P.W.","family":"Duin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8655(95)00050-Q","article-title":"Optimal combination of pattern classifiers","volume":"16","author":"Lam","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(94)90099-X","article-title":"Combining the results of several neural network classifiers","volume":"7","author":"Rogova","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1109\/34.588027","article-title":"Combination of multiple classifiers using local accuracy estimates","volume":"19","author":"Woods","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1109\/21.155943","article-title":"Methods of combining multiple classifiers and their application to handwriting recognition","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Systems Man Cybernet."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1109\/34.667881","article-title":"On combining classifiers","volume":"20","author":"Kittler","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1109\/21.364825","article-title":"Combining multiple neural networks by fuzzy integral and robust classification","volume":"25","author":"Cho","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Systems Man Cybernet."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8655(96)00021-9","article-title":"Fusion of handwritten word classifiers","volume":"17","author":"Gader","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB8","unstructured":"M. Grabisch, F. Dispot, A comparison of some for fuzzy classification on real data, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Fuzzy Logic and Neural Networks, Iizuka, Japan, 1992, pp. 659\u2013662."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0114(94)90024-8","article-title":"Advances in fuzzy integration for pattern recognition","volume":"65","author":"Keller","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets and Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1109\/3468.477860","article-title":"Information combination operators for data fusion: a comparative review with classification","volume":"26","author":"Bloch","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Systems Man Cybernet. \u2014 Part A: Systems Humans"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1991.3.1.79","article-title":"Adaptive mixtures of local experts","volume":"3","author":"Jacobs","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1995.7.5.867","article-title":"Methods for combining experts\u2019 probability assessments","volume":"7","author":"Jacobs","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(95)00014-3","article-title":"Convergence results for the EM approach to mixtures of experts architectures","volume":"8","author":"Jordan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB14","unstructured":"S.J. Nowlan, G.E. Hinton, Evaluation of adaptive mixtures of competing experts, in: R.P. Lippmann, J.E. Moody, D.S. Touretzky (Eds.), Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 3, 1991, pp. 774\u2013780."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB15","series-title":"Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition","author":"Bishop","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1994.6.6.1289","article-title":"Boosting and other ensemble methods","volume":"6","author":"Drucker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1109\/21.156582","article-title":"Consenus theoretic classification methods","volume":"22","author":"Benediktsson","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Systems Man Cybernet."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1109\/21.179832","article-title":"Consensus diagnosis","volume":"22","author":"Ng","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Systems Man Cybernet."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0362-546X(97)00222-8","article-title":"Multistage classifiers optimized by neural networks and genetic algorithms","volume":"30","author":"Benediktsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nonlinear Anal. Theory Methods Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(94)90046-9","article-title":"Democracy in neural nets","volume":"7","author":"Battiti","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1979.11321","article-title":"A composite classifier system design","volume":"67","author":"Dasarathy","year":"1978","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Filippi, M. Costa, E. Pasero, Multi-layer perceptron ensembles for increased performance and fault-tolerance in pattern recognition tasks, IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, Orlando, FL, 1994, pp. 2901\u20132906.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNN.1994.374692"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.-C. Chiang, H.-C. Fu, A divide-and-conquer methodology for modular supervised neural network design, IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, Orlando, FL, 1994, pp. 119\u2013124.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNN.1994.374149"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1109\/72.478395","article-title":"The pandemonium system of reflective agents","volume":"7","author":"Smieja","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8655(93)90046-G","article-title":"Change-glasses approach in pattern recognition","volume":"14","author":"Kuncheva","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB26","unstructured":"L.A. Rastrigin, R.H. Erenstein, Method of Collective Recognition, Energoizdat, Moscow, 1982 (in Russian)."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1109\/72.501737","article-title":"Local linear perceptrons for classification","volume":"7","author":"Alpaydin","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.P.W. Duin, D.M.J. Tax, Classifier-conditional posterior probabilities in: A. Amin, D. Dori, P. Pudil, H. Freeman (Eds.), Advances in Pattern Recognition, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1451, Springer, Berlin, 1998, pp. 611\u2013619.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0033285"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1109\/72.363487","article-title":"Multiple network fusion using fuzzy logic","volume":"6","author":"Cho","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0114(94)90023-X","article-title":"Classification by fuzzy integral","volume":"65","author":"Grabisch","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets and Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1109\/3477.704297","article-title":"Use of fuzzy-logic-inspired features to improve bacterial recognition through classifier fusion","volume":"28B","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Systems Man Cybernet."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00117809","article-title":"Knowledge integration in a multiple classifier system","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB33","series-title":"Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis","author":"Duda","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.C. Bezdek, J.M Keller, R. Krishnapuram, N.R. Pal, Fuzzy Models and Algorithms for Pattern Recognition and Image Processing, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1999, in Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/b106267"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1109\/3468.618255","article-title":"Application of majority voting to pattern recognition: an analysis of its behavior and performance","volume":"27","author":"Lam","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Systems Man Cybernet."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1109\/34.368145","article-title":"A method of combining multiple experts for the recognition of unconstrained handwritten numerals","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB37","series-title":"The Ordered Weighted Averaging Operators. Theory and Applications","first-page":"330","article-title":"An application of OWA operators to the aggregation of multiple classification decisions","author":"Kuncheva","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB38","unstructured":"M. van Breukelen, R.P.W. Duin, D.M.J. Tax, J.E. den Hartog, Combining classifiers for the recognition of handwritten digits, Proceedings of the First IAPR TC1 Workshop on Statistical Techniques in Pattern Recognition, Prague, Czech Republic, 1997, pp. 13\u201318."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB39","unstructured":"L.I. Kuncheva, On combining multiple classifiers, Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty (IPMU\u201998), Paris, France, 1998, pp. 1890\u20131891."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB40","series-title":"Comparison between product and mean classifier combination rules, Proceedings of the Workshop on Statistical Pattern Recognition","author":"Tax","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Hashem, B. Schmeiser, Y. Yih, Optimal linear combinations of neural networks: an overview, IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, Orlando, FL, 1994, pp. 1507\u20131512.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNN.1994.374511"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00098-6","article-title":"Optimal linear combinations of neural networks","volume":"10","author":"Hashem","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB43","series-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Vol. 7","article-title":"Combining estimators using non-constant weighting functions","author":"Tresp","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y.S. Huang, C.Y. Suen, A method of combining multiple classifiers \u2014 a neural network approach, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Jerusalem, Israel, 1994, pp. 473\u2013475.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.1994.576986"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB45","series-title":"Fuzzy Sets and Systems: Theory and Applications","author":"Dubois","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.28.10.1137","article-title":"A multiplicative formula for aggregating probability assessments","volume":"28","author":"Bordley","year":"1982","journal-title":"Management Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB47","series-title":"Classification, Pattern Recognition and Reduction of Dimensionality, Handbook of Statistics, Vol. 2","first-page":"169","article-title":"Logistic discrimination","author":"Anderson","year":"1982"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8655(98)00016-6","article-title":"On expected classification error of the fisher linear classifier with pseudo-inverse covariance matrix","volume":"19","author":"Raudys","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB49","series-title":"PRTOOLS (Version 2), A Matlab toolbox for pattern recognition","author":"Duin","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00223-X_BIB50","unstructured":"L.I. Kuncheva, R.K. Kounchev, R.Z. Zlatev, Aggregation of multiple classification decisions by fuzzy templates, Proceedings of the Third European Congress on Intelligent Technologies and Soft Computing EUFIT\u201995, Aachen, Germany, August 1995, pp. 1470\u20131474."}],"container-title":["Pattern Recognition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S003132039900223X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S003132039900223X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,27]],"date-time":"2019-04-27T17:52:35Z","timestamp":1556387555000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S003132039900223X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,2]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S003132039900223X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0031-3203(99)00223-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3203","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,2]]}}}