{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T11:16:09Z","timestamp":1774264569135,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]],"date-time":"2003-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1059696000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Physiology & Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0031-9384(03)00148-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]],"date-time":"2003-08-01T01:24:25Z","timestamp":1059701065000},"page":"351-357","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":351,"title":["Is social attachment an addictive disorder?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Thomas R","family":"Insel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB1","series-title":"The triune brain in evolution: role in paleocerebral functions","author":"MacLean","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB2","series-title":"Affective neuroscience","author":"Panksepp","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(00)00195-0","article-title":"Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis","volume":"24","author":"Koob","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3312","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-09-03312.2002","article-title":"Psychomotor stimulant addiction: a neural systems perspective","volume":"22","author":"Everitt","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5335.52","article-title":"Drug abuse: hedonic homeostatic dysregulation","volume":"278","author":"Koob","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5306.1593","article-title":"A neural substrate of prediction and reward","volume":"275","author":"Schultz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(98)00019-8","article-title":"What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?","volume":"28","author":"Berridge","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(94)90153-8","article-title":"The involvement of nucleus accumbens dopamine in appetitive and aversive motivation","volume":"61","author":"Salomone","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8324","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-21-08324.2001","article-title":"Psychogenomics: opportunities for understanding addiction","volume":"21","author":"Nestler","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3306","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-09-03306.2002","article-title":"The neuroscience of natural rewards: relevance to addictive drugs","volume":"22","author":"Kelley","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(99)00034-3","article-title":"Neurobiology of sexual behavior","volume":"9","author":"Pfaus","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.2001.1686","article-title":"Conditioning and sexual behavior: a review","volume":"40","author":"Pfaus","year":"2001","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(00)00394-6","article-title":"Role of striatum and nucleus accumbens in paced copulatory behavior in the female rat","volume":"121","author":"Jenkins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3236","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-09-03236.2001","article-title":"The role of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and striatum during sexual behavior in the female rat","volume":"21","author":"Becker","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB15","series-title":"The physiology of reproduction","first-page":"221","article-title":"Maternal behavior","author":"Numan","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(93)90523-V","article-title":"Interaction with pups enhances dopamine release in the ventral striatum of maternal rats: a microdialysis study","volume":"45","author":"Hansen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(97)00283-2","article-title":"Forebrain expression of c-fos due to active maternal behaviour in lactating rats","volume":"82","author":"Lonstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(01)00370-9","article-title":"A functional neuroanatomical investigation of the role of the medial preoptic area in the neural circuits regulating maternal behavior","volume":"131","author":"Stack","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(79)90373-1","article-title":"Disruption of maternal behavior and appearance of cannibalism after ventral mesencephalic tegmentum lesions","volume":"23","author":"Gaffori","year":"1978","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.98.4.712","article-title":"Maternal behavior in rats: evidence for the involvement of preoptic projections to the ventral tegmental area","volume":"98","author":"Numan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(91)90399-M","article-title":"The effects of 6-OHDA-induced dopamine depletions in the ventral or dorsal striatum on maternal and sexual behavior in the female rat","volume":"39","author":"Hansen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(94)90034-5","article-title":"Maternal behavior of female rats with 6-OHDA lesions in the ventral striatum: characterization of the pup retrieval deficit","volume":"55","author":"Hansen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.113.3.523","article-title":"Neuroanatomical basis of maternal memory in postpartum rats: selective role for the nucleus accumbens","volume":"113","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(99)00116-X","article-title":"Dopamine receptor blockade in the nucleus accumbens inhibits maternal retrieval and licking, but enhances nursing behavior in lactating rats","volume":"67","author":"Keer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.113.2.377","article-title":"Microinfusion of cocaine into the medial preoptic area or nucleus accumbens transiently impairs maternal behavior in the rat","volume":"113","author":"Vernotica","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.115.3.683","article-title":"Comparison of two positive reinforcing stimuli: pups and cocaine throughout the postpartum period","volume":"115","author":"Mattson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03208105","article-title":"Babies by bar-press: maternal behavior in the rat","volume":"1","author":"Wilsoncroft","year":"1969","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods Instrum."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(98)00109-0","article-title":"Mother rats bar-press for pups: effects of lesions of the MPOA and limbic sites on maternal behavior and operant responding for pup-reinforcement","volume":"100","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.1997.t01-1-00597.x","article-title":"Projection sites of medial preoptic area and ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis neurons that express Fos during maternal behavior in female rats","volume":"9","author":"Numan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00146-X","article-title":"Neuropeptides and the evolution of social behavior","volume":"10","author":"Insel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.114.1.173","article-title":"Dopamine D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens are important for social attachment in female prairie voles","volume":"114","author":"Gingrich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)00679-K","article-title":"Sexual activity increases dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens and striatum of female rats","volume":"693","author":"Pfaus","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.1997.1415","article-title":"Intromissive stimulation from the male increases extracellular dopamine release from fluoro-gold identified neurons within the midbrain of female hamsters","volume":"32","author":"Kohlert","year":"1997","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.113.3.602","article-title":"Dopamine D2 receptor-mediated regulation of partner preferences in female prairie voles: a mechanism for pair bonding","volume":"113","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB35","series-title":"The physiology of reproduction","first-page":"1099","article-title":"Cellular and molecular biology of oxytocin and vasopressin","author":"Gainer","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1530\/ror.0.0020028","article-title":"Central oxytocin and reproductive behaviours","volume":"2","author":"Insel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00518192","article-title":"Modulation of social memory in male rats by neurohypophyseal peptides","volume":"91","author":"Dantzer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/77040","article-title":"Social amnesia in mice lacking the oxytocin gene","volume":"25","author":"Ferguson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.1994.tb00579.x","article-title":"Oxytocin administered centrally facilitates formation of a partner preference in female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)","volume":"6","author":"Williams","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.109.4.782","article-title":"A gender specific mechanism for pair bonding: oxytocin and partner preference formation in monogamous voles","volume":"109","author":"Insel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/365545a0","article-title":"A role for central vasopressin in pair bonding in monogamous prairie voles","volume":"365","author":"Winslow","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB42","first-page":"409","article-title":"Oxytocin and complex social behaviors: species comparisons","volume":"29","author":"Winslow","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.111.3.599","article-title":"Species differences in V1a receptor gene expression in monogamous and nonmonogamous voles: behavioral consequences","volume":"111","author":"Young","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5381","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-09-05381.1994","article-title":"Patterns of brain vasopressin receptor distribution associated with social organization in microtine rodents","volume":"14","author":"Insel","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5981","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.13.5981","article-title":"Oxytocin receptor distribution reflects social organization in monogamous and polygamous voles","volume":"89","author":"Insel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.1996.05188.x","article-title":"Species differences in central oxytocin receptor gene expression: comparative analysis of promoter sequences","volume":"8","author":"Young","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.2001.1691","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms of monogamy","volume":"40","author":"Young","year":"2001","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5381","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-09-05381.1994","article-title":"Patterns of vasopressin receptor distribution associated with social organization in monogamous and non-monogamous microtine rodents","volume":"14","author":"Insel","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1038\/23650","article-title":"Increased affiliative response to vasopressin in mice expressing the V1a receptor from a monogamous vole","volume":"400","author":"Young","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7392","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-18-07392.2001","article-title":"Facilitation of affiliation and pair-bond formation by vasopressin receptor gene transfer into the ventral forebrain of a monogamous vole","volume":"21","author":"Pitkow","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB51","unstructured":"Lim MM, Young LJ. Blockade of vasopressin V1a receptors in the ventral pallidum prevents partner preference formation in monogamous prairie voles. Society for Neuroscience Abstract; 2002. Orlando, FL: 32nd Annual Meeting: 89.2."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.115.4.910","article-title":"Vasopressin in the lateral septum regulates pair bond formation in male prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)","volume":"115","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(98)00064-X","article-title":"Oxytocin and addiction: a review","volume":"23","author":"Kovaks","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-4179(91)90073-R","article-title":"Selective attenuation of cocaine-induced stereotyped behaviour by oxytocin: putative role of basal forebrain target sites","volume":"19","author":"Sarnyai","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(94)90062-0","article-title":"Role of oxytocin in the neuroadaptation to drugs of abuse","volume":"19","author":"Sarnyai","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB56","unstructured":"Liu Y, Wang ZX. Both dopamine and oxytocin receptors are required for partner preferensce formation in female prairie voles. Society for Neuroscience Abstract; 2002. Orlando, FL: 32nd Annual Meeting: 90.2."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00148-3_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3483","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-08-03483.2003","article-title":"A critical role for nucleus accumbens dopamine in partner preference formation in male prairie votes","volume":"23","author":"Aragona","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Physiology & Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031938403001483?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0031938403001483?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]],"date-time":"2020-03-24T21:33:41Z","timestamp":1585085621000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0031938403001483"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031938403001483"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0031-9384(03)00148-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9384"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9384","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]}}}