{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T14:13:15Z","timestamp":1774534395117,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Radiologic Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0033-8389(05)70146-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,30]],"date-time":"2005-06-30T16:04:35Z","timestamp":1120147475000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":139,"title":["THE PROSTATE: DEVELOPMENT AND PHYSIOLOGY"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Simon W.","family":"Hayward","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gerald R.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1991.tb49018.x","article-title":"Keratinocyte growth factor: A fibroblast growth factor family member with unusual target cell specificity","volume":"638","author":"Aaronson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-124-6-2737","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor I messenger ribonucleic acids with alternative 5\u2032-untranslated regions are differentially expressed during development of the rat","volume":"124","author":"Adamo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/354159a0","article-title":"Deletion of steroid 5\u03b1-reductase 2 gene in male pseudohermaphroditism","volume":"354","author":"Andersson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3640","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.10.3640","article-title":"Structural and biochemical properties of cloned and expressed human and rat steroid 5\u03b1-reductases","volume":"87","author":"Andersson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02146974","article-title":"Metaplasia in male rat reproductive accessory glands induced by neonatal estrogen treatment","volume":"24","author":"Arai","year":"1968","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-86-4-918","article-title":"Nature of metaplasia in rat coagulating glands induced by neonatal treatment with estrogen","volume":"86","author":"Arai","year":"1970","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(08)60660-9","article-title":"Protein secretion and secretory processes in male accessory sex glands","volume":"121","author":"Aum\u00fcller","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int Rev Cytol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1210\/me.10.7.903","article-title":"Effects of an Igf1 gene null mutation on mouse reproduction","volume":"10","author":"Baker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.78.3.778","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and its binding protein IGFBP-4 in human prostatic hyperplastic tissue: Gene expression and its cellular localization","volume":"78","author":"Barni","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)49698-4","article-title":"The development of human benign prostatic hyperplasia with age","volume":"132","author":"Berry","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1210\/mend-4-9-1386","article-title":"Cellular pattern of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) expression and type I IGF receptor gene in early organogenesis: Comparison with IGF-II gene expression","volume":"4","author":"Bondy","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4345","DOI":"10.1210\/en.139.10.4345","article-title":"Role of stromal and epithelial estrogen receptors in vaginal epithelial proliferation, stratification and cornification","volume":"139","author":"Buchanan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5350.563","article-title":"Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and prostate cancer risk: A prospective study","volume":"279","author":"Chan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib14","series-title":"Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia","first-page":"1","article-title":"An overview of current concepts in the study of benign prostatic hyperplasia","author":"Coffey","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.75.4.1046","article-title":"Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 protease found in seminal plasma","volume":"75","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.79.5.1410","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor axis abnormalities in prostatic cells from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"79","author":"Cohen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-73-2-401","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF receptors and IGF binding proteins in primary cultures of prostate epithelial cells","volume":"73","author":"Cohen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6535","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.12.6535","article-title":"Stromal estrogen receptors (ER) mediate mitogenic effects of estradiol on uterine epithelium","volume":"94","author":"Cooke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-128-6-2874","article-title":"Estrogen receptor expression in developing epididymis, efferent ductules and other male reproductive organs","volume":"128","author":"Cooke","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1992.tb00338.x","article-title":"Normal and abnormal development of the male urogenital tract: Role of androgens, mesenchymal-epithelial interactions and growth factors","volume":"13","author":"Cunha","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib21","first-page":"76","article-title":"Role of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the differentiation and spatial organization of visceral smooth muscle","volume":"1","author":"Cunha","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epithelial Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod22.1.19","article-title":"Stromal-epithelial interactions in sex differentiation","volume":"22","author":"Cunha","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-8-3-338","article-title":"The endocrinology and developmental biology of the prostate","volume":"8","author":"Cunha","year":"1987","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.96.6.1662","article-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in prostatic development. I. Morphological observations of prostatic induction by urogenital sinus mesenchyme in epithelium of the adult rodent urinary bladder","volume":"96","author":"Cunha","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1159\/000147791","article-title":"Smooth muscle-epithelial interactions in normal and neoplastic prostatic development","volume":"155","author":"Cunha","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Anat (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib26","first-page":"302","article-title":"Glandular epithelial induction by embryonic mesenchyme in adult bladder epithelium of Balb\/c mice","volume":"17","author":"Cunha","year":"1980","journal-title":"Invest Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/345078a0","article-title":"A growth-deficiency phenotype in heterozygous mice carrying an insulin-like growth factor II gene disrupted by targeting","volume":"345","author":"DeChiara","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.114.1.67","article-title":"A nude mouse xenograft model of foetal intestinal development and differentiation","volume":"114","author":"Del Buono","year":"1992","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1210\/en.132.6.2342","article-title":"Assessment of prostatic protein secretion in tissue recombinants made of urogenital sinus mesenchyme and urothelium from normal or androgen-insensitive mice","volume":"131","author":"Donjacour","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(88)90260-6","article-title":"The effect of androgen deprivation on branching morphogenesis in the mouse prostate","volume":"128","author":"Donjacour","year":"1988","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-126-3-1343","article-title":"Characterization of antibodies to androgen-dependent secretory proteins of the mouse dorsolateral prostate","volume":"126","author":"Donjacour","year":"1990","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1002030210","article-title":"Pattern of KGF and KGFR expression during mouse fetal development suggests a role in mediating morphogenetic mesenchymal-epithelial interactions","volume":"203","author":"Finch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dev Dyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-122-3-1159","article-title":"5\u03b1-dihydrotestosterone formation is necessary for embryogenesis of the rat prostate","volume":"122","author":"George","year":"1988","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.1210\/en.139.8.3569","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta1 induces nuclear to cytoplasmic distribution of androgen receptor and inhibits androgen response in prostate smooth muscle cells","volume":"139","author":"Gerdes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1177\/002215549804600312","article-title":"Localization of transforming growth factor-beta1 and type II receptor in developing normal human prostate and carcinoma tissues","volume":"46","author":"Gerdes","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1139\/o94-074","article-title":"The role of growth factors in the suppression of active cell death in the prostate: An hypothesis","volume":"72","author":"Guenette","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod59.1.93","article-title":"Species-specific detection of growth factor gene expression in developing prostatic tissue","volume":"59","author":"Haughney","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib38","unstructured":"Hayward S, Donjacour A, Thomson A, et al: Endocrinology of the prostate and benign prostatic hyperplasia. In DeGroot L, Jameson J (eds): Endocrinology. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, in press"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1159\/000147793","article-title":"Epithelial development in the rat ventral prostate, anterior prostate and seminal vesicle","volume":"155","author":"Hayward","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Anat (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1159\/000147794","article-title":"Stromal development in the ventral prostate, anterior prostate and seminal vesicle of the rat","volume":"155","author":"Hayward","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Anat (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-0436.1996.6040219.x","article-title":"An edgewise look at basal cells: Three-dimensional views of the rat prostate, mammary gland and salivary gland","volume":"60","author":"Hayward","year":"1996","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1996.tb16227.x","article-title":"Normal development and carcinogenesis of the prostate: A unifying hypothesis","volume":"784","author":"Hayward","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.102.2.361","article-title":"A functional model of human prostate epithelium: The role of androgens and stroma in architectural organisation and the maintenance of differentiated secretory function","volume":"102","author":"Hayward","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-0436.1998.6330131.x","article-title":"Interactions between adult human prostatic epithelium and rat urogenital sinus mesenchyme in a tissue recombination model","volume":"63","author":"Hayward","year":"1998","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1997.tb16917.x","article-title":"Stromal-epithelial interactions in normal and neoplastic prostate","volume":"79","author":"Hayward","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/19.9.2373","article-title":"A frameshift mutation in the androgen receptor gene causes complete androgen insensitivity in the testicular-feminized mouse","volume":"19","author":"He","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1940895","article-title":"Functional development of sex accessory organs of the male rat: Use of oestradiol benzoate to identify the neonatal period as critical for development of normal protein-synthetic and secretory capabilities","volume":"194","author":"Higgins","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib48","first-page":"491","article-title":"5\u03b1-Reductase deficiency in man","volume":"31","author":"Imperato-McGinley","year":"1984","journal-title":"Prog Cancer Res Therap"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1126\/science.186.4170.1213","article-title":"Steroid 5\u03b1-reductase deficiency in man: An inherited form of pseudohermaphroditism","volume":"186","author":"Imperato-McGinley","year":"1974","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4731(79)90093-1","article-title":"Male pseudohermaphroditism secondary to 5 alpha-reductase deficiency","volume":"11","author":"Imperato-McGinley","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib51","series-title":"Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia","first-page":"85","article-title":"Control of cell proliferation and death in the normal and neoplastic prostate: A stem cell model","author":"Isaacs","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib52","series-title":"Antihormone. Bedeutung in der Urologie","first-page":"3","article-title":"Androgen metabolism in the prostate: New concepts related to normal and abnormal growth","author":"Isaacs","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib53","first-page":"391","article-title":"The role of androgen in the regulation of programmed cell death\/apoptosis in normal and malignant prostatic tissue","volume":"5","author":"Isaacs","year":"1994","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib54","first-page":"207","article-title":"Modalities in the action of androgens in the foetus","volume":"3","author":"Jost","year":"1968","journal-title":"Res Steroids"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-109-4-1287","article-title":"Androgen and estrogen receptors in rat ventral prostate epithelium and stroma","volume":"109","author":"Jung-Testas","year":"1981","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091960302","article-title":"Correlation of early cytodifferentiation of the human fetal prostate and Leydig cells","volume":"196","author":"Kellokumpu-Lehtonen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1972.33","article-title":"Apoptosis: A basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics","volume":"26","author":"Kerr","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1210\/me.10.1.107","article-title":"Expression and localization of transforming growth factor-beta receptors type I and type II in the rat ventral prostate during regression","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4800(72)90005-6","article-title":"Development and restitution of squamous metaplasia in the calf prostate after a single estrogen treatment: An electron microscopic study","volume":"16","author":"Kroes","year":"1972","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1210\/en.138.3.863","article-title":"Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors alpha and beta","volume":"138","author":"Kuiper","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5925","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.12.5925","article-title":"Cloning of a novel receptor expressed in rat prostate and ovary","volume":"93","author":"Kuiper","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990250203","article-title":"Induction of apoptosis in androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells undergoing thymineless death","volume":"25","author":"Kyprianou","year":"1994","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1210\/mend-3-10-1515","article-title":"Expression of transforming growth factor-beta in the rat ventral prostate during castration-induced programmed cell death","volume":"3","author":"Kyprianou","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-123-4-2124","article-title":"Identification of a cellular receptor for transforming growth factor-beta in rat ventral prostate and its negative regulation by androgens","volume":"123","author":"Kyprianou","year":"1988","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(96)90396-2","article-title":"Apoptotic versus proliferative activities in human benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"27","author":"Kyprianou","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4574","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.8.4574","article-title":"Molecular cloning and expression of ps20 growth inhibitor: A novel WAP- type \u201cfour-disulfide core\u201d domain protein expressed in smooth muscle","volume":"273","author":"Larsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1210\/en.139.1.424","article-title":"Rat estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta, and progesterone receptor mRNA expression in various prostatic lobes and microdissected normal and dysplastic epithelial tissues of the Noble rats","volume":"139","author":"Lau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib68","first-page":"361","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinase and mitogen-activated kinase phosphatase-1 expression in the Noble rat model of sex hormone-induced prostatic dysplasia and carcinoma","volume":"75","author":"Leav","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.81.1.384","article-title":"(1996) Immunohistochemical localization of steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 in the human male fetal reproductive tract and adult prostate","volume":"81","author":"Levine","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112185","article-title":"A kallikrein-like serine protease in prostatic fluid cleaves the predominant seminal vesicle protein","volume":"76","author":"Lilja","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)94272-9","article-title":"Semenogelin, the predominant protein in human semen. Primary structure and identification of closely related proteins in the male accessory sex glands and on the spermatozoa","volume":"264","author":"Lilja","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3109\/00365518409083836","article-title":"Liquefaction of coagulated human semen","volume":"44","author":"Lilja","year":"1984","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3109\/00365518409083835","article-title":"Characterization of the predominant basic protein in human seminal plasma, one cleavage product of the major seminal vesicle protein","volume":"44","author":"Lilja","year":"1984","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113070","article-title":"Seminal vesicle-secreted proteins and their reactions during gelation and liquefaction of human semen","volume":"80","author":"Lilja","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3109\/00365518409083834","article-title":"Synthetic protease inhibitors and post-ejaculatory degradation of human semen proteins","volume":"44","author":"Lilja","year":"1984","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(199610)29:4<209::AID-PROS2>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in rat ventral prostate and Dunning R3327 PAP prostate tumor after castration and estrogen treatment","volume":"29","author":"Lindstrom","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000130303","article-title":"The development of the human prostate gland with reference to the development of other structures at the neck of the urinary bladder","volume":"13","author":"Lowsley","year":"1912","journal-title":"Am J Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4773(94)90050-7","article-title":"(1994) FGF-7 (keratinocyte growth factor) expression during mouse development suggests roles in myogenesis, forebrain regionalization and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions","volume":"15","author":"Mason","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mech Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1126\/science.242076","article-title":"Reproductive tract lesions in male mice exposed prenatally to diethylstilbestrol","volume":"190","author":"McLachlan","year":"1975","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib80","series-title":"Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy","first-page":"152","article-title":"(1983) Relationship of the origin of benign prostatic hypertrophy to prostatic structure of man and other mammals","author":"McNeal","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.1.246","article-title":"Determination of ligand-binding specificity by alternative splicing: Two distinct growth factor receptors encoded by a single gene","volume":"89","author":"Miki","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(53)90359-7","article-title":"The syndrome of testicular feminization in male pseudoermaphrodites","volume":"65","author":"Morris","year":"1953","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)45239-6","article-title":"The differential effects of neonatal androgen, estrogen and progesterone on adult rat prostate growth","volume":"136","author":"Naslund","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(199602)28:2<124::AID-PROS8>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Prostatic ductal system in rats: Regional variation in stromal organization","volume":"28","author":"Nemeth","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(19970915)33:1<64::AID-PROS11>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Prostatic ductal system in rats: Tissue-specific expression and regional variation in stromal distribution of transforming growth factor-beta 1","volume":"33","author":"Nemeth","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib86","series-title":"Toxicity of Hormones in Perinatal Life","first-page":"89","article-title":"Neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions in male reproductive organs following perinatal exposure to hormones and related substances","author":"Newbold","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib87","series-title":"Major Sex Determining Genes","author":"Ohno","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00185975","article-title":"Keratinocyte growth factor: An androgen-regulated mediator of stromal-epithelial interactions in the prostate","volume":"13","author":"Peehl","year":"1995","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00185974","article-title":"The insulin-like growth factor system in the prostate","volume":"13","author":"Peehl","year":"1995","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.1997.3525","article-title":"Induction of smooth muscle cell phenotype in cultured human prostatic stromal cells","volume":"232","author":"Peehl","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb26240.x","article-title":"Inactivation of the IGF-I gene in mice results in perinatal lethality","volume":"692","author":"Powell-Braxton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.7.12b.2609","article-title":"IGF-I is required for normal embryonic growth in mice","volume":"7","author":"Powell-Braxton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib93","series-title":"Organogenesis","first-page":"629","article-title":"The role of fetal androgens in sex differentiation in mammals","author":"Price","year":"1965"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib94","series-title":"Prostate: Basic and Clinical Aspects","first-page":"245","article-title":"Developmental estrogenization of the prostate gland","author":"Prins","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1210\/en.130.4.2401","article-title":"Neonatal estrogen exposure induces lobe-specific alterations in adult rat prostate androgen receptor expression","volume":"130","author":"Prins","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1210\/en.138.5.1801","article-title":"Neonatal estrogen exposure up-regulates estrogen receptor expression in the developing and adult rat prostate lobes","volume":"138","author":"Prins","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1210\/en.132.6.2387","article-title":"Effects of neonatal estrogen exposure on prostatic secretory genes and their correlation with androgen receptor expression in the separate prostate lobes of the adult rat","volume":"132","author":"Prins","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3109\/01485018508986904","article-title":"Estrogen receptors in stromal and epithelial fractions of the ventral prostate of rats","volume":"15","author":"Purvis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)36458-3","article-title":"Prostatic dysplasia associated with increased expression of c-myc in neonatally estrogenized mice","volume":"149","author":"Pylkkanen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib100","first-page":"271","article-title":"Androgen receptor defects: Historical, clinical, and molecular perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Quigley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocrine Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib101","first-page":"186","article-title":"Sex steroid imprinting of the immature prostate: Long-term effects","volume":"16","author":"Rajfer","year":"1975","journal-title":"Invest Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1210\/mend-4-12-2003","article-title":"Ductal heterogeneity of cytokeratins, gene expression, and cell death in the rat vental prostate","volume":"4","author":"Rouleau","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02631077","article-title":"Characterization of a fetal urogenital sinus mesenchymal cell line U4F: Secretion of a negative growth regulatory activity","volume":"28A","author":"Rowley","year":"1992","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22058","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.37.22058","article-title":"Purification of a novel protein (ps20) from urogenital sinus mesenchymal cells with growth inhibitory properties in vitro","volume":"270","author":"Rowley","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib105","first-page":"2955","article-title":"Responses of NBT-II bladder carcinoma cells to conditioned medium from normal fetal urogenital sinus","volume":"47","author":"Rowley","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(19981001)37:2<84::AID-PROS4>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Regressive changes in finasteride-treated human hyperplastic prostates correlate with an upregulation of TGF-beta receptor expression [In Process Citation]","volume":"37","author":"Saez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990240204","article-title":"Developmental estrogenization and prostatic neoplasia","volume":"24","author":"Santti","year":"1994","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-121-5-1773","article-title":"(1987) Immunocytochemical localization of estrogen receptors in the normal male and female canine urinary tract and prostate","volume":"121","author":"Schulze","year":"1957","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990160408","article-title":"Histological localization of estrogen receptors in normal and diseased human prostates by immunocytochemistry","volume":"16","author":"Schulze","year":"1990","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(19980801)36:3<201::AID-PROS9>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Rapid reduction in blood flow to the rat ventral prostate gland after castration: Preliminary evidence that androgens influence prostate size by regulating blood flow to the prostate gland and prostatic endothelial cell survival","volume":"36","author":"Shabsigh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(85)80063-6","article-title":"Total sulfhydryl compounds in human seminal plasma","volume":"152","author":"Sheriff","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod34.5.961","article-title":"Morphogenesis of ductal networks in the mouse prostate","volume":"34","author":"Sugimura","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod34.5.973","article-title":"Morphological and histological study of castration-induced degeneration and androgen-induced regeneration in the mouse prostate","volume":"34","author":"Sugimura","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib114","first-page":"941","article-title":"Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) can replace testosterone in the ductal branching morphogenesis of the rat ventral prostate","volume":"40","author":"Sugimura","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Dev Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.110.1.273","article-title":"Transcription of prostatic steroid binding protein (PSBP) gene is induced by epithelial-mesenchymal interaction","volume":"110","author":"Takeda","year":"1990","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1100467","article-title":"Analysis of prostatic bud induction by brief androgen treatment in the fetal rat urogenital sinus","volume":"110","author":"Takeda","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990090407","article-title":"Role of epithelial-stromal interactions in the control of gene expression in the prostate: An hypothesis","volume":"9","author":"Tenniswood","year":"1986","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(19980601)35:4<273::AID-PROS6>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 is associated with involution of the ventral prostate in castrated and finasteride-treated rats","volume":"35","author":"Thomas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.12.2431","article-title":"Analysis of growth factor and receptor mRNAs during development of the rat seminal vesicle and prostate","volume":"124","author":"Thomson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1070300407","article-title":"Instructive induction of prostate growth and differentiation by a defined urogenital sinus mesenchyme","volume":"30","author":"Timms","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.5.2056","article-title":"Prostate enlargement in mice due to fetal exposure to low doses of estradiol or diethylstilbestrol and opposite effects at high doses","volume":"94","author":"vom Saal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib122","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human benign prostatic hyperplasia: Etiological considerations","volume":"145","author":"Walsh","year":"1984","journal-title":"Prog Clin Biol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108353","article-title":"The induction of prostatic hypertrophy in the dog with androstanediol","volume":"57","author":"Walsh","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib124","first-page":"159","article-title":"Purification of a human prostate specific antigen","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"1979","journal-title":"Invest Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(19980515)35:3<165::AID-PROS2>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Sex hormone-induced prostatic carcinogenesis in the noble rat: The role of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the development of prostate cancer","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70146-9_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00240604","article-title":"Transglutaminases and the clotting of mammalian seminal fluids","volume":"58","author":"Williams-Ashman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"}],"container-title":["Radiologic Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0033838905701469?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0033838905701469?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,27]],"date-time":"2024-01-27T13:53:15Z","timestamp":1706363595000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0033838905701469"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0033838905701469"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0033-8389(05)70146-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-8389"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-8389","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]}}}