{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T15:58:54Z","timestamp":1772812734288,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"Elsevier","isbn-type":[{"value":"9780120317431","type":"print"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0065-308x(08)60240-7","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,4]],"date-time":"2008-05-04T07:35:59Z","timestamp":1209886559000},"page":"1-46","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Genetic Exchange in the Trypanosomatidae"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Wendy","family":"Gibson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1991.tb21043.x","article-title":"Molecular cloning and analysis of two tandemly linked genes for pyruvate kinase of Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"200","author":"Allert","year":"1991","journal-title":"European Journal of Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(85)90063-3","article-title":"Characterization of Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax by isoenzyme analysis","volume":"15","author":"Allsopp","year":"1985","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1006\/mpev.1996.0028","article-title":"The analysis of protein coding genes suggests monophyly of Trypanosoma","volume":"5","author":"Alvarez","year":"1996","journal-title":"Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1997.tb05716.x","article-title":"Evidence for hybridization by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and random amplified polymorphic DNA between Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania panamensis\/guyanensis in Ecuador","volume":"44","author":"Ba\u00f1uls","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(92)90016-U","article-title":"Leishmania: sex, lies and karyotype","volume":"8","author":"Bastien","year":"1992","journal-title":"Parasitology Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000080689","article-title":"A putative Leishmania panamensis\/Leishmania braziliensis hybrid is a causative agent of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Nicaragua","volume":"109","author":"Belli","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6353578","article-title":"Relaxed cellular controls and organelle heredity","volume":"222","author":"Birky","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(92)90216-7","article-title":"Multiple forms of chromosome-I, chromosome-II and chromosome-V in a restricted population of Leishmania infantum contrasting with monomorphism in individual strains suggest haploidy or automixy","volume":"50","author":"Blaineau","year":"1992","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(95)00138-5","article-title":"Polymorphisms in Trypanosoma cruzi: evidence of genetic recombination","volume":"61","author":"Bogliolo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90544-M","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in western Venezuela caused by infection with Leishmania venezuelensis and L. braziliensis variants","volume":"86","author":"Bonfante-Garrido","year":"1992","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib11","series-title":"Phylog\u00e9nie mol\u00e9culaire des clones naturels de Trypanosoma cruzi","author":"Brisse","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5913","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.9.5913","article-title":"Population structure of multilocus associations","volume":"78","author":"Brown","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00578507","article-title":"Human serum resistance of metacyclic forms of Trypanosoma brucei brucei, T. b. rhodesiense and T. b. gambiense","volume":"73","author":"Brun","year":"1987","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib14","first-page":"2","article-title":"The epidemiology, clinical features, treatment and history of sleeping sickness on the northern edge of the Luangwa fly belt","volume":"8","author":"Buyst","year":"1974","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Zambia"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.54.418","article-title":"Genetic exchange as a possible source of genomic diversity in sylvatic populations of Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"54","author":"Carrasco","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib16","series-title":"Leishmania. Taxonomie et phylogen\u00e8se","first-page":"297","article-title":"Mutation and recombination in the Trypanosomatidae","author":"Cibulskis","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000058315","article-title":"Origins and organization of genetic diversity in natural populations of Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"96","author":"Cibulskis","year":"1988","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000060844","article-title":"Genetic variation in Trypanosoma brucei and the epidemiology of sleeping sickness in the Lambwe Valley, Kenya","volume":"104","author":"Cibulskis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(91)90157-T","article-title":"Etiology of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Nicaragua","volume":"85","author":"Darce","year":"1991","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1972.tb03409.x","article-title":"Ultrastructure of the cyst-like bodies of Trypanosoma conorhini","volume":"19","author":"Deane","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of Protozoology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00937118","article-title":"Sexual compatibility among Trypanosoma brucei isolates from an epidemic area in southeastern Uganda","volume":"81","author":"Degen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(89)90027-3","article-title":"Hybridization with a repetitive DNA probe reveals the presence of small chromosomes in Trypanosoma vivax","volume":"33","author":"Dickin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000074771","article-title":"Comparative studies of Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax isolates from Colombia","volume":"106","author":"Dirie","year":"1993","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1993.11812777","article-title":"Molecular karyotype variation in Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana: indication of geographical populations in Peru distributed along a north-south cline","volume":"87","author":"Dujardin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(95)00094-U","article-title":"Putative Leishmania hybrids in the eastern Andean Valley of Huanuco, Peru","volume":"59","author":"Dujardin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.240240406","article-title":"The natural heterogeneity of Trypanosoma cruzi: biological and medical implications","volume":"24","author":"Dvorak","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Cellular Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.6.2118","article-title":"Stable integrative transformation of Trypanosoma brucei that occurs exclusively by homologous recombination","volume":"88","author":"Eid","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib28","first-page":"5","article-title":"Studies by electron microscopy of the giant forms of some African and South American trypanosomes found other than within their mammalian host","volume":"29","author":"Ellis","year":"1982","journal-title":"Folia Parasitologia (Praha)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(93)90072-J","article-title":"Isoenzyme comparison of Trypanozoon isolates from two sleeping sickness areas of south-eastern Uganda","volume":"55","author":"Enyaru","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1997.11813118","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Trypanosoma brucei from mainland and Lake Victoria island populations in south-east Uganda: epidemiological and control implications","volume":"91","author":"Enyaru","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib31","first-page":"165","article-title":"Hybrid formation within the genus Leishmania","volume":"29","author":"Evans","year":"1987","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1139\/f80-147","article-title":"Testing genetic models of isoenzyme variability without breeding data: can we depend on the X2","volume":"37","author":"Fairburn","year":"1980","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2307\/2412028","article-title":"Methods for computing Wagner trees","volume":"19","author":"Farris","year":"1970","journal-title":"Systematic Zoology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(82)90073-7","article-title":"Rapid evolution of genes coding for variant surface glycoproteins in trypanosomes","volume":"17","author":"Frasch","year":"1982","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60334-6","article-title":"Recent studies of the biology of Trypanosoma vivax","volume":"28","author":"Gardiner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Advances in Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000081853","article-title":"Molecular characterisation of trypanosome species and subgroups within subgenus Nannomonas","volume":"111","author":"Garside","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000080112","article-title":"Trypanosoma congolense: the distribution of enzymic variants in East and West Africa","volume":"96","author":"Gashumba","year":"1988","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(86)90011-6","article-title":"Will the real Trypanosoma brucei gambiense please stand up","volume":"2","author":"Gibson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Parasitology Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000059114","article-title":"Analysis of a genetic cross between Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and T. b. brucei","volume":"99","author":"Gibson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(90)90408-V","article-title":"Trypanosome diversity in Lambwe Valley, Kenya \u2014 sex or selection","volume":"6","author":"Gibson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Parasitology Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(95)80065-4","article-title":"The significance of genetic exchange in trypanosomes","volume":"11","author":"Gibson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasitology Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(94)00017-4","article-title":"Genetic exchange in Trypanosoma brucei: evidence for meiosis from analysis of a cross between drug resistant transformants","volume":"64","author":"Gibson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(86)90033-2","article-title":"Size-fractionation of the small chromosomes of Trypanozoon and Nannomonas trypanosomes by pulsed field gradient gel electrophoresis","volume":"18","author":"Gibson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(92)90070-E","article-title":"Sequential infection of tsetse flies with Trypanosoma congolense and T. brucei","volume":"50","author":"Gibson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(90)90111-X","article-title":"Kinetoplast DNA minicircles are inherited from both parents in genetic hybrids of Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"42","author":"Gibson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(91)90029-6","article-title":"Genetic exchange in Trypanosoma brucei brucei: variable location of housekeeping genes in different trypanosome stocks","volume":"45","author":"Gibson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(83)90033-0","article-title":"Isoenzyme characterization of some Trypanozoon stocks from a recent trypanosomiasis epidemic in Uganda","volume":"77","author":"Gibson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04359.x","article-title":"The karyotype and ploidy of Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"5","author":"Gibson","year":"1986","journal-title":"EMBO Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90236-4","article-title":"Heritability of the trait for human infectivity in genetic crosses of Trypanosoma brucei spp","volume":"91","author":"Gibson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(85)90187-7","article-title":"Characterization of Trypanozoon stocks from the South Nyanza sleeping sickness focus in Western Kenya","volume":"79","author":"Gibson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90024-R","article-title":"Genetic exchange in Trypanosoma brucei: selection of hybrid trypanosomes by introduction of genes conferring drug resistance","volume":"60","author":"Gibson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60400-5","article-title":"Numerical analysis of enzyme polymorphism: a new approach to the epidemiology and taxonomy of trypanosomes of the subgenus Trypanozoon","volume":"18","author":"Gibson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Advances in Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32293-8","article-title":"Characterisation of Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) evansi from camels in Kenya using isoenzyme electrophoresis","volume":"34","author":"Gibson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Research in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(85)90066-0","article-title":"Trypanosomes of subgenus Trypanozoon are diploid for housekeeping genes","volume":"16","author":"Gibson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(92)90069-V","article-title":"Trisomy and chromosome size changes in hybrid trypanosomes from a genetic cross between Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and T. b. brucei","volume":"52","author":"Gibson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(94)00196-T","article-title":"A successful backcross in Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"69","author":"Gibson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-143-3-909","article-title":"Intraclonal mating in Trypanosoma brucei is associated with outcrossing","volume":"143","author":"Gibson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050284","article-title":"Kinetoplast DNA minicircles are inherited from both parents in genetic crosses of Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"83","author":"Gibson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib59","series-title":"Progress in Human African Trypanosomiasis Research","article-title":"Identification of trypanosomes: from morphology to molecular biology","author":"Gibson","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03025.x","article-title":"Isolation and partial characterization of mutants of the trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata and their use in detecting genetic recombination","volume":"32","author":"Glassberg","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Protozoology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000053993","article-title":"Enzyme polymorphism and the identity of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense","volume":"94","author":"Godfrey","year":"1987","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60104-9","article-title":"The distribution, relationships and identification of enzymic variants within the subgenus Trypanozoon","volume":"29","author":"Godfrey","year":"1990","journal-title":"Advances in Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6079","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.10.11.6079","article-title":"Chromosome organization of the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"10","author":"Gottesdiener","year":"1990","journal-title":"Molecular and Cellular Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(97)00185-0","article-title":"The molecular phylogeny of trypanosomes: evidence for an early divergence of the Salivaria","volume":"91","author":"Haag","year":"1998","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(92)90247-Y","article-title":"High density lipoprotein-mediated lysis of trypanosomes","volume":"8","author":"Hajduk","year":"1992","journal-title":"Parasitology Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1993.1091","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi: correlation between karyotype variability and isoenzyme classification","volume":"77","author":"Henriksson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Experimental Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(90)90060-Y","article-title":"The identification of Trypanosoma brucei subspecies using repetitive DNA sequences","volume":"39","author":"Hide","year":"1990","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000077805","article-title":"Epidemiological relationships of Trypanosoma brucei stocks from south east Uganda: evidence for different population structures in human infective and non-infective isolates","volume":"109","author":"Hide","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib69","series-title":"The Trypanosomes of Mammals.","author":"Hoare","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib70","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gene genealogies and the coalescent process","volume":"7","author":"Hudson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib71","first-page":"281","article-title":"A new in vitro test for human serum resistance of Trypanosoma (T.) brucei","volume":"39","author":"Jenni","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/322173a0","article-title":"Hybrid formation between African trypanosomes during cyclical transmission","volume":"322","author":"Jenni","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050158","article-title":"Genetic heterogeneity in the Trypanosoma brucei gambiense genome analysed by random amplification of polymorphic DNA","volume":"82","author":"Kanmogne","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(91)90049-C","article-title":"Evidence of genetic recombination in Leishmania","volume":"46","author":"Kelly","year":"1991","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1975.11687016","article-title":"Isoenzymes of two aminotransferases among Trypanosoma vivax in Nigerian cattle","volume":"69","author":"Kilgour","year":"1975","journal-title":"Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000080100","article-title":"Genetically discrete populations of Trypanosoma congolense from livestock on the Kenya coast","volume":"96","author":"Knowles","year":"1988","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182097001856","article-title":"Genetic diversity among Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense isolates from Tanzania","volume":"115","author":"Komba","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8727","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/17.21.8727","article-title":"Duplication and transcription of procyclin genes in Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"17","author":"K\u00f6nig","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5469","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.14.5469","article-title":"Evidence for diploidy in metacyclic forms of African trypanosomes","volume":"86","author":"Kooy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.51.301","article-title":"Evidence of sexual reproduction in the protozoan parasite Leishmania (Kineto-plastida: Trypanosomatidae)","volume":"51","author":"Kreutzer","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000057498","article-title":"Use of species-specific DNA probes for the detection and identification of trypanosome infections in tsetse flies","volume":"95","author":"Kukla","year":"1987","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib82","first-page":"285","article-title":"Fusion cellulaire chez les Leishmania (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae)","volume":"310","author":"Lanotte","year":"1990","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences, Paris"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90128-8","article-title":"Leishmania in the Old World: 5. Numerical analysis of isoenzyme data","volume":"80","author":"Le Blancq","year":"1986","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2177225","article-title":"Homologous recombination and stable transfection in the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"250","author":"Lee","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1995.1088","article-title":"An isoenzyme survey of Trypanosoma cruzi genetic variability in sylvatic cycles from French Guiana","volume":"81","author":"Lewicka","year":"1995","journal-title":"Experimental Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00006176","article-title":"Analysis of ribosomal RNA genes suggests that trypanosomes are monophyletic","volume":"44","author":"Lukes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Evolution"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(92)90215-6","article-title":"Kinetoplast DNA and molecular karyotypes of Trypanosoma evansi and T. equiperdum from China","volume":"50","author":"Lun","year":"1992","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1981565467","article-title":"Signification du polymorphisme enzymatique chez les leishmanies","volume":"56","author":"Maazoun","year":"1981","journal-title":"Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Compar\u00e9e"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000074941","article-title":"Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense: molecular characterisation of a new genotype from Tsavo, Kenya","volume":"106","author":"Majiwa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib90","first-page":"209","article-title":"The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach","volume":"27","author":"Mantel","year":"1967","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(94)00011-5","article-title":"A species-specific antigen of Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax detectable in the course of infection is encoded by a differentially expressed tandemly reiterated gene","volume":"64","author":"Masake","year":"1994","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.50.13","article-title":"Identification of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense group 1 by a specific kinetoplast DNA probe","volume":"50","author":"Mathieu-Daud\u00e9","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(95)00083-D","article-title":"Genetic diversity and population structure of Trypanosoma brucei: clonality versus sexuality","volume":"72","author":"Mathieu-Daud\u00e9","year":"1995","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib94","first-page":"167","article-title":"Lectin mediated establishment of midgut infections of T. congolense and T. brucei in Glossina morsitans","volume":"38","author":"Maudlin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4384","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.10.4384","article-title":"How clonal are bacteria","volume":"90","author":"Maynard Smith","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90197-6","article-title":"Identification, isolation and characterization of naturally-occurring Trypanosoma cruzi variants","volume":"57","author":"McDaniel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib97","first-page":"113","article-title":"Epidemiological studies on the animal reservoir of gambiense sleeping sickness. III. Characterization of Trypanozoon stocks by isoenzymes and sensitivity to human serum","volume":"33","author":"Mehlitz","year":"1982","journal-title":"Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib98","series-title":"Gene Structure in Eukaryotic Microbes","first-page":"243","article-title":"Genomic organization and gene structure in African trypanosomes","author":"Michels","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04321.x","article-title":"Two tandemly-linked identical genes code for the glycosomal glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase in Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"5","author":"Michels","year":"1986","journal-title":"EMBO Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16031.x","article-title":"The cytosolic and glycosomal isoenzymes of glyceralde-hyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in Trypanosoma brucei have a distant evolutionary relationship","volume":"198","author":"Michels","year":"1991","journal-title":"European Journal of Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000061229","article-title":"Population genetics of Trypanosoma brucei and the epidemiology of human sleeping sickness in the Lambwe Valley, Kenya","volume":"100","author":"Mihok","year":"1990","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000070268","article-title":"Intracellular stages of Trypanosoma lewisi in fleas and attempts to find such stages in other trypanosomes","volume":"59","author":"Molyneux","year":"1969","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1982.11687542","article-title":"Characterisation of stocks of Trypanosoma vivax. I. Isoenzyme studies","volume":"76","author":"Murray","year":"1982","journal-title":"Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(97)02857-0","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi strains partition into two groups based on the structure and function of the spliced leader RNA and rRNA gene promoters","volume":"86","author":"Nunes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib105","first-page":"171","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei: evidence suggesting existence of sexual forms of parasites cultured from the tsetse, Glossina morsitans morsitans","volume":"1","author":"Nyindo","year":"1981","journal-title":"Insect Science and its Application"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3811","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1985.tb04152.x","article-title":"Topogenesis of microbody enzymes: a sequence comparison of the genes for the glycosomal (microbody) and cytosolic phosphoglycerate kinases of Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"4","author":"Osinga","year":"1985","journal-title":"EMBO Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3631","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04692.x","article-title":"Trypanosome hybrids generated in tsetse flies by nuclear fusion","volume":"5","author":"Paindavoine","year":"1986","journal-title":"EMBO Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000063435","article-title":"The use of DNA hybridisation and numerical taxonomy in determining relationships between Trypanosoma brucei stocks and subspecies","volume":"92","author":"Paindavoine","year":"1986","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(89)90130-8","article-title":"Different allele frequencies in Trypanosoma brucei brucei and T. b. gambiense populations","volume":"32","author":"Paindavoine","year":"1989","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(83)90117-2","article-title":"Comparative analysis of a Trypanosoma brucei gambiense antigen gene family and its potential use in sleeping sickness epidemiology","volume":"7","author":"Pays","year":"1983","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00931074","article-title":"Detection of hybrid phenotypes in African trypanosomes by high resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis","volume":"76","author":"Pearson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib112","first-page":"911","article-title":"The testing of proven Trypanosoma brucei and T. rhodesiense strains by the blood incubation infectivity test","volume":"42","author":"Rickman","year":"1970","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)37575-0","article-title":"Multiple guide RNAs for identical editing of Trypanosoma brucei apocytochrome b mRNA have an unusual minicircle location and are developmentally regulated","volume":"269","author":"Riley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1038\/374124b0","article-title":"Recombination in HIV-1","volume":"374","author":"Robertson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/352731a0","article-title":"Basal body movements as a mechanism for mitochondrial genome segregation in the trypanosome cell cycle","volume":"352","author":"Robinson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib116","first-page":"167","article-title":"Characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi populations by several molecular markers supports a clonal mode of reproduction","volume":"26","author":"Sanchez","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biological Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(91)90020-K","article-title":"Hybrid formation in the lifecycle of Trypanosoma (T.) brucei: detection of hybrid trypanosomes in a midgut-derived isolate","volume":"48","author":"Schweizer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00932707","article-title":"The timing and frequency of hybrid formation in African trypanosomes during cyclical transmission","volume":"75","author":"Schweizer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(91)90043-J","article-title":"Hybrid formation between African trypanosomes in vitro","volume":"49","author":"Schweizer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000077799","article-title":"Analysis of a new genetic cross between 2 East African Trypanosoma brucei clones","volume":"109","author":"Schweizer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(96)00131-3","article-title":"Characterization of cloned lines of Trypanosoma brucei expressing stable resistance to MelCy and suramin","volume":"60","author":"Scott","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4634","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.80.15.4634","article-title":"Tubulin genes of Trypanosoma brucei: a tightly clustered family of alternating genes","volume":"80","author":"Seebeck","year":"1983","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7809","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.16.7809","article-title":"Kinetoplast DNA maxicircles: networks within networks","volume":"90","author":"Shapiro","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.49.100195.001001","article-title":"The structure and replication of kinetoplast DNA","volume":"49","author":"Shapiro","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annual Review of Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib125","series-title":"Variabilit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique de Trypanosoma congolense","author":"Sidib\u00e9","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.41.100187.002051","article-title":"The mitochondrial genome of kinetoplastid protozoa: genomic organisation, transcription, replication and evolution","volume":"41","author":"Simpson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annual Review of Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.5.1383","article-title":"Evolutionary diversity of eukaryotic small subunit rRNA genes","volume":"83","author":"Sogin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(96)02755-7","article-title":"DNA markers define two major phylogenetic lineages of Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"83","author":"Souto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8389","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.17.8389","article-title":"Hierarchichal analysis of linkage disequilibrium in Rhizobium populations: evidence for sex","volume":"89","author":"Souza","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(88)90038-2","article-title":"Gene exchange in African trypanosomes: characterization of a new hybrid genotype","volume":"27","author":"Sternberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(89)90056-X","article-title":"Gene exchange in African trypanosomes: frequency and allelic segregation","volume":"34","author":"Sternberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000060820","article-title":"Numerical taxonomy of Trypanozoon based on polymorphisms in a reduced range of enzymes","volume":"104","author":"Stevens","year":"1992","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000063940","article-title":"Detection of linkage disequilibrium in Trypanosoma brucei isolated from tsetse flies and characterised by RAPD analysis and isoenzymes","volume":"110","author":"Stevens","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000076940","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei s.l.: evolution, linkage and the clonality debate","volume":"112","author":"Stevens","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00931833","article-title":"Genetic processes within an epidemic of sleeping sickness in Uganda","volume":"79","author":"Stevens","year":"1993","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(89)90021-1","article-title":"Isoenzyme characterization of Trypanosoma evansi from capybaras and dogs in Brazil","volume":"46","author":"Stevens","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib137","first-page":"118","article-title":"The ancient and divergent origins of the human pathogenic trypanosomes Trypanosoma brucei and T. cruzi","author":"Stevens","year":"1998","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(08)62063-X","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA of kinetoplastids","volume":"141","author":"Stuart","year":"1992","journal-title":"International Review of Cytology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90198-N","article-title":"Kinetoplast DNA minicircles encode guide RNAs for editing of cytochrome oxidase subunit II mRNA","volume":"61","author":"Sturm","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/287536a0","article-title":"Evidence for diploidy and mating in trypanosomes","volume":"287","author":"Tait","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000050836","article-title":"Sexual processes in the Kinetoplastida","volume":"86","author":"Tait","year":"1983","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000001335","article-title":"Enzyme variation in Trypanosoma brucei spp. I. Evidence for the subspeciation of T. b. gambiense","volume":"89","author":"Tait","year":"1984","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000049040","article-title":"Enzyme variation in Trypanosoma brucei spp. II. Evidence for T. b. rhodesiense being a set of variants of T. b. brucei","volume":"90","author":"Tait","year":"1985","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(89)90156-4","article-title":"Genetic evidence that metacyclic forms of Trypanosoma brucei are diploid","volume":"37","author":"Tait","year":"1989","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(95)02528-6","article-title":"Self-fertilization in Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"76","author":"Tait","year":"1996","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/348174a0","article-title":"Targeted insertion of the neomycin phosphotransferase gene into the tubulin gene cluster of Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"348","author":"Ten Asbroek","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(83)90494-4","article-title":"Tubulin genes are tandemly linked and clustered in the genome of Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"32","author":"Thomashow","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60490-X","article-title":"Population genetics of parasitic protozoa and other micro-organisms","volume":"36","author":"Tibayrenc","year":"1995","journal-title":"Advances in Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.50.1.401","article-title":"Towards a unified evolutionary genetics of microorganisms","volume":"50","author":"Tibayrenc","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annual Review of Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(97)00180-X","article-title":"Genetic epidemiology of parasitic protozoa and other infectious agents: the need for an integrated approach","volume":"28","author":"Tibayrenc","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib151","first-page":"89","article-title":"Forte corr\u00e9lation entre classification isoenzymatique et variabilit\u00e9 de l'ADN kin\u00e9toplastique chez Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"304","author":"Tibayrenc","year":"1987","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences, Paris"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib152","first-page":"623","article-title":"Interpr\u00e9tation g\u00e9n\u00e9tique des zymogrammes de flagell\u00e9s des genres Trypanosoma et Leishmania","volume":"292","author":"Tibayrenc","year":"1981","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences, Paris"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02424493","article-title":"New electrophoretic evidence of genetic variation and diploidy in Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease","volume":"67","author":"Tibayrenc","year":"1985","journal-title":"Genetica"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.1.115","article-title":"Natural populations of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, have a complex multiclonal structure","volume":"83","author":"Tibayrenc","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.7.2414","article-title":"A clonal theory of parasitic protozoa: the population structures of Entamoeba, Giardia, Leishmania, Naegleria, Plasmodium, Trichomonas and Trypanosoma and their medical and taxonomical consequences","volume":"87","author":"Tibayrenc","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5129","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.12.5129","article-title":"Are eucaryotic microorganisms clonal or sexual? A population genetics vantage","volume":"88","author":"Tibayrenc","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.4.1335","article-title":"Genetic characterization of six parasitic protozoa: parity between random-primer DNA typing and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis","volume":"90","author":"Tibayrenc","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3998","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.12.3998","article-title":"Calmodulin genes in trypanosomes are tandemly repeated and produce multiple mRNAs with a common 5' leader sequence","volume":"82","author":"Tschudi","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000060571","article-title":"Evidence that the mechanism of gene exchange in Trypanosoma brucei involves meiosis and syngamy","volume":"101","author":"Turner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000059898","article-title":"The effects of genetic exchange on variable antigen expression in Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"103","author":"Turner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1995.1029","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei: inheritance of kinetoplast DNA maxicircles in a genetic cross and their segregation during vegetative growth","volume":"80","author":"Turner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Experimental Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(84)90207-1","article-title":"Chromosome rearrangements in Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"39","author":"Van der Ploeg","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(08)60405-2","article-title":"Reproduction and heredity in trypanosomes. A critical review dealing mainly with the African species in the mammalian host","volume":"17","author":"Walker","year":"1964","journal-title":"International Review of Cytology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.1.179","article-title":"The lifecycle of Leishmania major (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in the neotropical sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae)","volume":"30","author":"Walters","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1992.11812703","article-title":"The nature of the teneral state in Glossina and its role in the acquisition of trypanosome infection in tsetse","volume":"86","author":"Welburn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(87)90121-6","article-title":"DNA contents and molecular karyotypes of hybrid Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"24","author":"Wells","year":"1987","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1958.11685878","article-title":"Factors that may influence the infection rate of Glossina palpalis with Trypanosoma gambiense. I. The age of the fly at the time of the infected feed","volume":"52","author":"Wijers","year":"1958","journal-title":"Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib168","first-page":"97","article-title":"The analysis of simple genetic polymorphisms","volume":"41","author":"Workman","year":"1969","journal-title":"Human Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1983.11811740","article-title":"Enzyme polymorphism and the distribution of Trypanosoma congolense isolates","volume":"77","author":"Young","year":"1983","journal-title":"Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60240-7_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6063","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.16.6063","article-title":"Evidence for haploidy in metacyclic forms of Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"83","author":"Zampetti-Bosseler","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA"}],"container-title":["Advances in Parasitology","Advances in Parasitology Volume 43"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]],"date-time":"2024-02-25T20:01:47Z","timestamp":1708891307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0065308X08602407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999]]},"ISBN":["9780120317431"],"references-count":170,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0065-308x(08)60240-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0065-308X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0065-308X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999]]}}}