{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T16:37:10Z","timestamp":1780677430010,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9357","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]],"date-time":"2003-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1044057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Lancet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(03)12520-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,4]],"date-time":"2003-03-04T17:20:43Z","timestamp":1046798443000},"page":"598-604","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":918,"title":["Population stratification and spurious allelic association"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"361","author":[{"given":"Lon R","family":"Cardon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyle J","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(05)70219-X","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease","volume":"30","author":"Wilson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.112262","article-title":"The health economics of asthma and rhinitis: I\u2014assessing the economic impact","volume":"107","author":"Weiss","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1297-1318","article-title":"The role of innovation in drug development","volume":"15","author":"Drews","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1038\/35015728","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics and the practice of medicine","volume":"405","author":"Roses","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1038\/35015718","article-title":"Searching for genetic determinants in the new millennium","volume":"405","author":"Risch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib6","series-title":"Genetic analysis of multifactorial diseases","first-page":"215","article-title":"Atopy and asthma","author":"Palmer","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.143400","article-title":"Genomic approaches to understanding asthma","volume":"10","author":"Palmer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.0.0280001","article-title":"Susceptibility gene discovery for common metabolic and endocrine traits","volume":"28","author":"McCarthy","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/35052543","article-title":"Association study designs for complex diseases","volume":"2","author":"Cardon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/35057062","article-title":"Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome","volume":"409","author":"Lander","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5343.1580","article-title":"Variations on a theme: cataloging human DNA sequence variation","volume":"278","author":"Collins","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1038\/35057149","article-title":"A map of human genome sequence variation containing 1.42 million single nucleotide polymorphisms","volume":"409","author":"Sachidanandam","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.annonc.a058097","article-title":"Nutrition and cancer: background and rationale of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)","volume":"3","author":"Riboli","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib14","first-page":"57","article-title":"Randomised trial of intravenous atenolol among 16\u2008027 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction","volume":"2","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr16","article-title":"Design and characteristics of the study population","volume":"1","year":"1999","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06418-2","article-title":"Epidemiological methods for studying genes and environmental factors in complex diseases","volume":"358","author":"Clayton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09289-9","article-title":"The need for independent scientific peer review of Biobank UK","volume":"359","author":"Radda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09289-9","article-title":"The need for independent scientific peer review of Biobank UK","volume":"359","author":"Wallace","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib19","first-page":"75","article-title":"Gene-environment interactions: the BioBank UK study","volume":"2","author":"Wright","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharm J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5366.1077","article-title":"Large-scale identification, mapping, and genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome","volume":"280","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib21","series-title":"Case-control studies: design, conduct, analysis","author":"Schlesselman","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib22","series-title":"History and geography of human genes","author":"Cavalli-Sforza","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300029827","article-title":"Inbreeding coefficients and coalescence times","volume":"58","author":"Slatkin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Genet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1086\/302727","article-title":"Linkage disequilibrium and allele-frequency distributions for 114 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in five populations","volume":"66","author":"Goddard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059431","article-title":"Haplotype variation and linkage disequilibrium in 313 human genes","volume":"293","author":"Stephens","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.14.1151","article-title":"Population stratification in epidemiologic studies of common genetic variants and cancer: quantification of bias","volume":"92","author":"Wacholder","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.23.9119","article-title":"Admixture as a tool for finding linked genes and detecting that difference from allelic association between loci","volume":"85","author":"Chakraborty","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib28","first-page":"809","article-title":"Mapping by admixture linkage disequilibrium in human populations: limits and guidelines","volume":"55","author":"Stephens","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib29","first-page":"188","article-title":"Mapping genes underlying ethnic differences in disease risk by linkage disequilibrium in recently admixed populations","volume":"60","author":"McKeigue","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1086\/301908","article-title":"Mapping genes that underlie ethnic differences in disease risk: methods for detecting linkage in admixed populations, by conditioning on parental admixture","volume":"63","author":"McKeigue","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-1809.2000.6420171.x","article-title":"Estimation of admixture and detection of linkage in admixed populations by a Bayesian approach: application to African-American populations","volume":"64","author":"McKeigue","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg796","article-title":"Myers RM. Candidate-gene approaches for studying complex genetic traits: practical considerations","volume":"3","author":"Tabor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/79866","article-title":"How many diseases does it take to map a gene with SNPs?","volume":"26","author":"Weiss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib34","first-page":"63","article-title":"Gene mapping in the 20th and 21st centuries: statistical methods, data analysis, and experimental design","volume":"72","author":"Terwilliger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/8702","article-title":"Freely associating","volume":"22","author":"Anon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jncimonographs.a024223","article-title":"Family-based association studies","volume":"26","author":"Gauderman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5281.1516","article-title":"The future of genetic studies of complex human diseases","volume":"273","author":"Risch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11389","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.19.11389","article-title":"Tests and estimates of allelic association in complex inheritance","volume":"95","author":"Morton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.22.6.f191","article-title":"Case-control association studies for the genetics of complex respiratory diseases","volume":"22","author":"Silverman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib40","series-title":"Biostatistical genetics and genetic epidemiology","article-title":"Case-control study","author":"Wacholder","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.8.12.1273","article-title":"The relative power of family-based and case-control designs for linkage disequilibrium studies of complex human diseases, I: DNA pooling","volume":"8","author":"Risch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009877","article-title":"Asymptotic bias and efficiency in case-control studies of candidate genes and gene-environment interactions: basic family designs","volume":"149","author":"Witte","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.9.3.234","article-title":"The relative power of family-based and case-control designs for linkage disequilibrium studies of complex human diseases, II: individual genotyping","volume":"9","author":"Teng","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1038\/ng749","article-title":"Replication validity of genetic association studies","volume":"29","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1086\/324471","article-title":"Large upward bias in estimation of locus-specific effects from genomewide scans","volume":"69","author":"Goring","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.144500","article-title":"Linkage disequilibrium and the search for complex disease genes","volume":"10","author":"Jorde","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib47","first-page":"520","article-title":"Gm3;5,13,14 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an association in American Indians with genetic admixture","volume":"43","author":"Knowler","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500130087038","article-title":"The A1 allele at the D2 dopamine receptor gene and alcoholism: a reappraisal","volume":"269","author":"Gelernter","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320480204","article-title":"Review of the putative association of dopamine D2 receptor and alcoholism: a meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Pato","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.6.1415","article-title":"What makes a good case-control study? Design issues for complex traits such as endometriosis","volume":"17","author":"Zondervan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1086\/302449","article-title":"Use of unlinked genetic markers to detect population stratification in association studies","volume":"65","author":"Pritchard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1086\/341719","article-title":"Testing for population subdivision and association in four case-control studies","volume":"71","author":"Ardlie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib53","first-page":"419","article-title":"Assessment of stratification in linkage and association samples","volume":"69","author":"Martin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib54","first-page":"412","article-title":"Little evidence for bias due to population stratification in a population-based study of non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites","volume":"69","author":"Pankow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib55","first-page":"181","article-title":"Human population substructure and its influence on association studies","volume":"69","author":"Cutler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib56","first-page":"418","article-title":"Genetic diversity and population structure of two historically related Latin-American populations","volume":"69","author":"Carvajal-Carmona","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib57","first-page":"423","article-title":"Analysis of population structure of Japanese population using genotype data of genome wide hundreds of SNPs","volume":"69","author":"Yamada","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib58","first-page":"423","article-title":"DNA pooling, genome control and association studies","volume":"69","author":"Hill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1006\/tpbi.2001.1543","article-title":"Case-control studies of association in structured or admixed populations","volume":"60","author":"Pritchard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Theor Popul Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(00)89163-5","article-title":"Polygenic disease: methods for mapping complex disease traits","volume":"11","author":"Weeks","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/ng761","article-title":"Population genetic structure of variable drug response","volume":"29","author":"Wilson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.10042","article-title":"Genetic association mapping at the crossroads: which test and why? Overview and practical guidelines","volume":"114","author":"Schulze","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5200494","article-title":"Pedigree tests of transmission disequilibrium","volume":"8","author":"Abecasis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib64","first-page":"506","article-title":"Transmission test for linkage disequilibrium: the insulin gene region and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)","volume":"52","author":"Spielman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib65","first-page":"455","article-title":"The transmission\/disequilibrium test: history, subdivision, and admixture","volume":"57","author":"Ewens","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015205924326","article-title":"Power and efficiency of the TDT and case-control design for association scans","volume":"32","author":"McGinnis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1006\/tpbi.2001.1539","article-title":"Association studies under general disease models","volume":"60","author":"Nielsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Theor Popul Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1086\/321981","article-title":"A transmission\/disequilibrium test that allows for genotyping errors in the analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphism data","volume":"69","author":"Gordon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5200855","article-title":"The impact of genotyping error on haplotype reconstruction and frequency estimation","volume":"10","author":"Kirk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.1999.00997.x","article-title":"Genomic control for association studies","volume":"55","author":"Devlin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1086\/302929","article-title":"The power of genomic control","volume":"66","author":"Bacanu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1006\/tpbi.2001.1542","article-title":"Genomic control, a new approach to genetic-based association studies","volume":"60","author":"Devlin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Theor Popul Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.1034","article-title":"Unbiased methods for population-based association studies","volume":"21","author":"Devlin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.1045","article-title":"Association studies for quantitative traits in structured populations","volume":"22","author":"Bacanu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2272(200101)20:1<4::AID-GEPI2>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Detecting association in a case-control study while correcting for population stratification","volume":"20","author":"Reich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/155.2.945","article-title":"Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data","volume":"155","author":"Pritchard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1086\/302959","article-title":"Association mapping in structured populations","volume":"67","author":"Pritchard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1086\/318195","article-title":"Accounting for unmeasured population substructure in case-control studies of genetic association using a novel latent-class model","volume":"68","author":"Satten","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1038\/90135","article-title":"Dwarf8 polymorphisms associate with variation in flowering time","volume":"28","author":"Thornsberry","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib80","first-page":"409","article-title":"When is the bias caused by population stratification negligible?","volume":"69","author":"Jiang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/159.3.1319","article-title":"Population admixture may appear to mask, change or reverse genetic effects of genes underlying complex traits","volume":"159","author":"Deng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib82","series-title":"The future of behavioural genetics in the postgenomics era","article-title":"Practical barriers to mapping complex trait loci","author":"Cardon","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02126-7","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics and future drug development and delivery","volume":"355","author":"Roses","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1097-925","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics and drug metabolism","volume":"15","author":"Ball","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2710.2000.00281.x","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics and psychopharmacotherapy","volume":"25","author":"Poolsup","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/75360","article-title":"The use of single-nucleotide polymorphism maps in pharmacogenomics","volume":"18","author":"McCarthy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0061(200004)17:1<16::AID-YEA6>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics: the genomics of drug response","volume":"17","author":"March","year":"2000","journal-title":"Yeast"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.7.2109096","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics of asthma","volume":"165","author":"Palmer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1517\/14622416.3.2.257","article-title":"The application of genetics to the discovery of better medicines","volume":"3","author":"Pettipher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1101-247","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics: more than skin deep","volume":"29","author":"McLeod","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"suppl 7","key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(01)80018-6","article-title":"Biology and genetics of colorectal cancer","volume":"37","author":"Walker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12520-2_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003746","article-title":"A method for distinguishing consanguinity and population substructure using multilocus genotype data","volume":"18","author":"Overall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"}],"container-title":["The Lancet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0140673603125202?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0140673603125202?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T21:16:49Z","timestamp":1682457409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0140673603125202"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,2]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9357","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0140673603125202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(03)12520-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-6736"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-6736","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,2]]}}}